University Of Tehran Press Pollution 2383-451X 11 3 2025 07 01 Present Status of Surface Water Quality Impacted by Artisanal Crude Oil Contamination in a Coastal Community in Rivers State, Nigeria 738 757 100997 10.22059/poll.2025.383178.2583 EN Davies Ibienebo Chris Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, Rivers State, P.M.B. 5323, Nigeria Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia 0000-0002-1722-7776 Parashuram Kallem Department of Environmental and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates Khang Wen Goh Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, Rivers State, P.M.B. 5323, Nigeria Faculty of Engineering, Shinawatra University, Samkhok, Pathum Thani Thailand Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia Fathurrahman Lananan School of Animal Sciences, Aquatic and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia 0000-0003-0991-4573 Zulhisyam Abdul Kari Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Mohamad Nor Azra Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, Earth Sciences and Maritime Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Lombok 83352, Indonesia 0000-0001-9333-9270 Okechukwu Kenneth Wokeh Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria 0000-0002-3963-5682 Journal Article 2024 10 03 This study evaluates the surface water quality of Bundu-Ama creek in Rivers State, Nigeria, which is impacted by artisanal crude oil refining activities. The area is characterized by mangrove swamps and mudflats and is subject to pollution from industrial waste and illegal oil bunkering. Water samples were collected monthly over six months from three stations, spaced 1,000 meters apart, representing upstream, midstream, and downstream sections. Physicochemical parameters analyzed included pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). Heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Co, Ni, Fe, Pb, Zn, As) were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and hydrocarbons (Total Hydrocarbons [THC], Oil and Grease, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAH]) were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results showed pH values between 7.22 and 7.28 and temperatures from 30.15°C to 30.32°C, with EC and TDS exceeding WHO guidelines, indicating ionic contamination. Heavy metals like Cd (0.23–0.28 mg/L) and Pb (0.29–0.31 mg/L) exceeded safety limits, suggesting ongoing pollution. PAH concentrations (0.28–0.37 mg/L) were above WHO and NSDWQ limits, highlighting significant health risks. Correlation analysis revealed strong relationships, such as between EC and TDS (r=1.000), indicating shared pollution sources. These findings underscore the need for regulatory interventions and remediation strategies to mitigate environmental and health impacts in the region. https://jpoll.ut.ac.ir/article_100997_93b650a3837e860cbb0a86401fd9dec4.pdf