Model for the Treatment of Refinery Wastewater and expression of catabolic genes in Fluidized Bed Bioreactor using mixed bacterial consortium

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Microbiology Unit, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.

2 Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Abstract

This study was undertaken to evaluate a novel aerobic wastewater treatment model for the remediation of refinery effluents and to assess the removal efficiency of Bulkholderia cepacia strain AJI and Corynebacterium kutscheri strain AJ2 to clean oil waste from petrochemical company. Wastewater quality parameters including pH, BOD5, COD, TDS, OIL & GREASE, PHENOL concentration, TPH and THC were monitored at 5, 10 and 15 days of treatment and the removal efficiencies were calculated. Results indicated that the raw oily wastewater effluents used during this study had extremely high levels of all the tested parameters. The mean values  of  all physicochemical parameters  of the wastewater from primary tank at different treatment period were statistically different (P˂0.001) After 15 days of biological treatment, BOD5 ,COD, TDS, Phenol, TPH, Oil & grease level of the refinery wastewater were reduced by 95.60 %, 98.40 % , 66.34 % , 100 %, 97.60 %  and 96.20 % respectively. The detection of the catabolic genes in the bacterial isolates recovered from primary tank using polymerase chain reaction revealed that both Bulkholderia cepacia strain AJ1 and Corynebacterium kutsheri strain AJ2 carried alk B and C23O but C12O was not detected in both isolates. Naphthalene dioxygenase was detected in Bulkholderia cepacia strain AJ1 but not found in Corynebacterium kutscheri strain AJ2. After treatment the waste water was filtered in the secondary tank. The results of physicochemical parameters in the outlet vessel essentially confirmed that the mixed culture in the two column model successfully carry out bioremediation of refinery wastewater. Therefore, aerobic treatment model for the bioremediation of refinery Petroleum refineries generate great amounts of wastewaters that may become seriously dangerous, leading to the accumulation of toxic products in the receiving water bodies with potentially serious long term effects to aquatic biota. Due to extreme toxicity of contaminants in refinery wastewater, there is a need to develop an economical technique to remove the pollutants from the wastewater is highly recommended owing its environmental friendliness.

Keywords


Abdelwahab, O., Amin, N.K. and El-Ashtoukhy, E.-S. Z. (2009). Electrochemical removal of phenol from oil refinery wastewater. J. Hazard. Mater., 163: 711–716.
Adewuyi, G. O. and Olowu, R. A. (2012). Assessment of oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons and some heavy metals in surface and groundwater within the vicinity of NNPC oil depot in Apata, Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Revies in Applied Sciences, 13(1): 166–174.
Agamuthu, P., Tan, Y.S. and Fauziah, S.H. (2013). Bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil using selected organic wastes. Procedia Environ. Sci., 18:694-702.
Aitken, C. M., Jones, D.M. and Larter, S.R. (2004). Anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation in deep subsurface oil reservoirs. Nature, 431: 291-294.
Ajao, A. T., Yakubu S. E., Umoh, V. J. and Ameh, J. B. (2014). Enzymatic Studies and Mineralization Potential of Burkholderia cepacia and Corynebacterium kutscheri Isolated from Refinery Sludge. Journal of Microbiol. Res., 4(2): 29-42.
Ajao, A.T., Sabo, E. Yakubu, S. E., Umoh, V. J. and Ameh, J. B. (2013). Bioremediation of refinery wastewater using immobilized Burkholderia cepacia and Corynebacterium sp and their transconjugants. Journal of Xenobiotics 2013; 3:e4.J f
APHA (1998). Aggregate organic constituents. In Standard method for the examination of water and waste, (Greenberg, A, E., Clesceri, L. S. and Eaton, A. D. eds), 20th (Ed), (pp. 513-517) APHA, AWWA & WEF. 1998.
APHA  (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Federation, Water Environmental, Washington, DC.
Atlas, R.M and Bartha, R. (1992). “Hydrocarbon Biodegradation and Oil Spill               Bioremediation,” Adv. in Microbial Eco.,, 12: 287-338.
Banerjee, A. and   Ghoshal, A.K. (2016). Biodegradation of real petroleum wastewater by immobilized hyper phenol-tolerant strains of Bacillus cereus in a fluidized bed bioreactor. Biotech. 6:137.
Beg, M.U., Al-Muzaini, S., Saeed, T., Jacob, P.G., Beg, K.R., Al-Bahloul, M., Al- Matrouk,        K., Al-Obaid, T. and Kurian, A. (2001). Chemical contamination and toxicity of sediment from a coastal area receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. – Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 41: 289–297.
Beg, M.U., Saeed, T., Al-Muzaini, S., Beg, K. R. and Al-Bahloul, M. (2003). Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbon in sediment from coastal area receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. – Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Safety, 54: 47–55.
Chikere, C.B and Ekwuabu, C.B. (2014). Culture-dependent characterization of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in selected crude oil-impacted sites in Bodo, Ogoniland, Nigeria. African Journal of Environ. Sci. and Tech., 8(6): 401-406.
Coelho, A., Castro, A.V., Dezotti, M. and Sant’Anna Jr., G.L. (2006). Treatment of petroleum refinery sourwater by advanced oxidation processes. J. Hazard. Mater., 137: 178–184.
DPR. (1991). Environmental guidelines and standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria.                Department of Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Lagos.
Duniya, D. A., Maikaje, D.  B., Umar, Y. A., Ponchang A. W. and Daniel, A. (2016). Molecular Characterization and Determination of Bioremediation Potentials of Some Bacteria Isolated from Spent Oil Contaminated Soil Mechanic Workshops in Kaduna Metropolis. World Applied Sc. J., 34 (6): 750-759.
Gargouri, B., Karray, F., Mhiri, N., Aloui, F. and Sayadi, S. (2011). Application of a continuously stirred tank bioreactor (CSTR) for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-rich industrial wastewater effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 189 (2011): 427–434.
Gerhardt, P. (1981). Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC 2006.
Guo, C., Dang, Z., Wong, Y. and Tam, N.F. (2010). Biodegradation ability and dioxgenase genes of PAH-degrading Sphingomonas and Mycobacterium strains isolated from mangrove sediments. Int. Biodeterior. Biod., 64: 419–426.
Hamza, U. D., Mohammed, I. A. and Sale, A. (2012). Potentials of bacterial isolates in bioremediation of petroleum refinery wastewater. Journal of Applied Phytotech. and Environ. Sanit., 1(3): 131-138.
Lappin,, H.M., Greaves, M.P. and Slater, J.H. (1985). Degradation of the herbi­cide mecoprop [2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic Acid] by a synergistic microbial community. Appl Environ. Microbiol., 49(2): 429-33.
Lathasree, S., Rao, N., Sivashankar, B., Sadasivam, V. and Rengaraj, K. (2004). Heterogeneous photo catalytic mineralization of phenols in aqueous solutions. J. Mol. Catal. A. Chem,. 223: 101–105.
Laurie, A. D. and Jones, G. (2000). “Quantification of phnAc and nahAc in contaminated NewZealand soils by competitive PCR,” Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 66(5): 1814–1817.
Maddela, N.R., Burgos, R., Kadiyala, V., Andrea Riofrio Carrion, A. R. and Bangeppagari, M. (2016). Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from crude oil in solid and slurry phase by mixed soil microorganisms isolated from Ecuadorian oil Fields. Intern. Biodeter. & Biodeg., 108: 85-90.
Magot, M., Ollivier, B. and Patel, B. K. (2000). Microbiology of petroleum reservoirs. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 77: 103-116.
Matsumiya, Y. and Kubo, M. (2007). Bioprocess handbook (in Japanese). NTS Publishing, Tokyo pp 638–652.
Musa, N. M., Abdulsalam, S., Suleiman, A.D.I. and Sale, A. (2015). Bioremediation of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Effluent via Augmented Native Microbes. Journal of Emerg. Trends in Eng.& App. Sc., 6(1):1- 6.
Otunkunefor T. V. and Obiukwu, C. (2005). Impact of refinery effluent on the physicochemical properties of a water body in Niger Delta. Applied ecology and environmental research, 3: 61-72.
Porwal, H. J., Mane, A.V. and Velhal, S. G. (2015) Biodegradation of dairy effluent by using   microbial Isolates obtained from activated sludge. Water Res. & Indust., 9:1-15.
Rajaei, S., Seyedi, S. M., Raiesi, F., Shiran, B. and Raheb, J. (2013). Characterization and potentials of indigenous oil degrading bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere of wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) in South west of Iran. Iran J. Biotech., 11(2): 32-40.
Santo, C. E., Fonseca, A., Kumar, E., Bhatnagar, A., Vítor J.P. Vilar, V.J.P.,  Cidália M.S. Botelho, C.M.S., Rui A.R. Boaventura, R.A.R. (2015). Performance evaluation of the main units of a refinery wastewater treatment plant – A case study. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3(3): 2095-2103.
Shahi, A., Aydin, S., Bahar Ince, B. and Ince, O. (2016). Evaluation of microbial population and functional genes during the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil as an effective monitoring approach. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 125:153–160.
Tufekci, N., San, H.A., Aydin, S., Ucar, S. and Barlas, H. (1998). Wastewater Treatment Problems in the Operation of Woven and Knit Fabric Industry, Federation of Europian Bioch. Soc., 7:795-802.
Verde, L.C.L., Silva, T.R., Dellagnezze, B. M., Santos Neto, E.V., de Oliveira, V.M. (2013). Diversity of Hydrocarbon-Related Catabolic Genes in Oil Samples from Potiguar Basin (Rn, Brazil). J. Pet Environ Biotechnol., 4: 138.
Wake, H. (2005). Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci., 62: 131–140.
Weisburg, W.G., Barns, S.M., Pelletier, D.A. and Lane, D.J. (1991). 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol., 173:697–703.
 
Wilson, M. S., Herrick, J. B., Jeon, C. O., Hinman, D. E., Madsen, E. L. (2003). Horizontal transfer of phnAc dioxygenase genes within one of two phenotypically and genotypically distinctive naphthalene-degrading guilds from adjacent soil environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 2172–2181.