Abbas, G., Wang, L., Li, W., Zhang, M. and Zheng, P. (2015). Kinetics of nitrogen removal in pilot-scale internal-loop airlift bio-particle reactor for simultaneous partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation. Ecological Engineering, 74, 356–363.
Abyar, H., Younesi, H., Bahramifar, N., Zinatizadeh, A. A. and Amini, M. (2017). Kinetic evaluation and process analysis of COD and nitrogen removal in UAASB bioreactor. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 78, 272–281.
Ahmed, Z., Lim, B.-R., Cho, J. and Ahn, K.-H. (2006). Effects of the internal recycling rate on biological nutrient removal and microbial community structure in a sequential anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 30(1), 61–69.
Al-furaiji, M. H., Kalash, K. R., Kadhom, M. A. and Alsalhy, Q. F. (2021). Evaluation of polyethersulfone microfiltration membranes embedded with MCM-41 and SBA-15 particles for turbidity removal. 215, 26764.
Büyükkamaci, N. and Filibeli, A. (2002). Determination of kinetic constants of an anaerobic hybrid reactor. Process Biochemistry, 38(1), 73–79.
Chen, M., Yu, Q. and Sun, H. (2013). Novel Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Biofilm Related Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(9), 18488–18501.
Debik, E. and Coskun, T. (2009). Use of the Static Granular Bed Reactor (SGBR) with anaerobic sludge to treat poultry slaughterhouse wastewater and kinetic modeling. Bioresource Technology, 100(11), 2777–2782.
Doh, M. and Chudoba, J. (1975). Kinetics of multi component substrate removal by activated sludge. Water Research, 9, 637–642..
Faridnasr, M., Ghanbari, B. and Sassani, A. (2016). Optimization of the moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactor (MBSBR) to control aeration time by kinetic computational modeling: Simulated sugar-industry wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology, 208, 149–160.
González-Martínez, S., Lippert-Heredia, E., Hernández-Esparza, M. and Doria-Serrano, C. (2000). Reactor kinetics for submerged aerobic biofilms. Bioprocess Engineering, 23(1), 57–61.
Grau, P., Dohányos, M. and Chudoba, J. (1975). Kinetics of multicomponent substrate removal by activated sludge. Water Research, 9(7), 637–642.
Ha, J. H. and Ong, S. K. (2007). Nitrification and denitrification in partially aerated biological aerated filter ( BAF ) with dual size sand media. 9–17.
Hassani, A. H., Borghei, S. M., Samadyar, H. and Ghanbari, B. (2014). Utilization of moving bed biofilm reactor for industrial wastewater treatment containing ethylene glycol: kinetic and performance study. Environmental Technology, 35(4), 499–507.
Higuera-Rivera, A. I. and González-Martínez, S. (2017). Determination of kinetic parameters in a biological aerated filter (BAF) for wastewater treatment. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 4, 668–673.
Hua, B., Xiong, H., Kadhom, M., Wang, L., Zhu, G., Yang, J., Cunningham, G. and Deng, B. (2017). Physico-Chemical Processes. Water Environment Research, 89(10), 974–1028.
Jianlong, W., Hanchang, S. and Yi, Q. (2000). Wastewater treatment in a hybrid biological reactor
636 R. Kalash et al.
(HBR): effect of organic loading rates. Process Biochemistry, 36(4), 297–303.
Kadhom, M., Albayati, N., Salih, S., Al-Furaiji, M., Bayati, M. and Deng, B. (2019). Role of Cellulose Micro and Nano Crystals in Thin Film and Support Layer of Nanocomposite Membranes for Brackish Water Desalination. Membranes, 9(8), 101.
Kalash, K., Kadhom, M. and Al-Furaiji, M. (2020). Thin film nanocomposite membranes filled with MCM-41 and SBA-15 nanoparticles for brackish water desalination via reverse osmosis. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 20, 101101.
Kalash, K. R. and Albayati, T. M. (2021). Remediation of oil refinery wastewater implementing functionalized mesoporous materials mcm-41 in batch and continuous adsorption process. Desalination and Water Treatment, 220, 130–141.
Kalash, K. R., Kadhom, M. A. and Al-Furaiji, M. H. (2019). Short-Cut Nitrification of Iraqi Municipal Wastewater for Nitrogen Removal in a Single Reactor. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 518(2).
Kapdan, I. K. (2005). Kinetic analysis of dyestuff and COD removal from synthetic wastewater in an anaerobic packed column reactor. Process Biochemistry, 40(7), 2545–2550.
Gray. N.F. (1999). Water Technology. New York,Toronto :Wiley.
Nga, D. T., Hiep, N. T. and Hung, N. T. Q. (2020). Kinetic modeling of organic and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater in a down-flow hanging sponge bioreactor. Environmental Engineering Research, 25(2), 243–250.
Ni, S.-Q., Sung, S., Yue, Q.-Y. and Gao, B.-Y. (2012). Substrate removal evaluation of granular anammox process in a pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Ecological Engineering, 38(1), 30–36.
Pramanik, B. K., Fatihah, S., Shahrom, Z. and Ahmed, E. (2012). Biological aerated filters (BAFs) for carbon and nitrogen removal: A review. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 7(4), 428–446.
Raj, S. A. and Murthy, D. V. S. (1999). Comparison of the trickling filter models for the treatment of synthetic dairy wastewater. Bioprocess Engineering, 21(1), 51–55.
Salih, S. S., Mohammed, H. N., Abdullah, G. H., Kadhom, M. and Ghosh, T. K. (2020). Simultaneous Removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Industrial Dye onto a Composite Chitosan Biosorbent. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(1), 354–365.
Sperling, M. Von. (2007). Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. IWA Publishing LONDON.
TA, S. (2015). Mercury sorption by silica/carbon nanotubes and silica/activated carbon: A comparison study. Aqua, 64, 892–903.
Tandukar, M., Ohashi, A. and Harada, H. (2007). Performance comparison of a pilot-scale UASB and DHS system and activated sludge process for the treatment of municipal wastewater. 41, 2697–2705.
Taylor, P., Belgiorno, V., Feo, G. De, & Napoli, R. M. A. (2007). Combined Carbonaceous Removal and Nitrification with Biological Aerated Filters. December 2014, 37–41.
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse (4th editio). Mc Graw-Hill, New York.
Tomar, S. and Gupta, S. K. (2016). Investigating the role of co-substrate–substrate ratio and filter media on the performance of anammox hybrid reactor treating nitrogen rich wastewater. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 121(3), 310–316.
V. Lazarova; J. Manem. (1995). Biofilm characterization and activity analysis in water and wastewater treatment. 29(10), 2227–2245.
Yang, G., Feng, L., Wang, S., Zhou, J., Guo, C., Xia, T., Sun, W., Jiang, Y., Sun, X., Cao, L., Xu, X. and Zhu, L. (2015). Potential risk and control strategy of biofilm pretreatment process treating raw water. Bioresource Technology, 198, 456–463.
Zhou, Z., Shen, X., Jiang, L., Wu, Z., Wang, Z., Ren, W. and Hu, D. (2015). Modeling of multimode anaerobic / anoxic / aerobic wastewater treatment process at low temperature for process optimization. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 281, 644–650.
)