The Effects of Seasonal Changes of Ambient Temperature and Humidity on Exhaust Pipe Emissions and Greenhouse Gases

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Transportation Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the main findings of a survey on the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on vehicular emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases. The present study is focused on the emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Sulfur Oxides (SOX), Particulate Matters (PM), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), and Methane (CH4) from gasoline engine passenger cars. In this analytical research, the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model was operated, using long-term meteorological data to determine the effects of various ambient temperature and humidity levels on exhaust pipe pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. The results of present study indicated that as the ambient temperature increases from -7.5 °C to 20 °C, CO, NOX, and CH4 emissions decrease by 35.8%, 6.46%, and 21.44%, respectively, while SOX, PM, CO2, and N2O emissions remain constant. In contrast, increasing the ambient temperature from 20 °C to 37.5 °C increases the emissions of all the investigated pollutants and greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the findings showed that as the ambient humidity increases from 8% to 98% CO and CH4 emissions increase by 7.3% and 2.13%, respectively; while NOX emissions decrease by 16.84%. However, humidity changes did not have noticeable impact on the emissions of SOX, PM, CO2, and N2O. This study concluded that changes in meteorological parameters over a certain period of time, not only affect global warming, but also the emissions of criteria pollutants.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Alisoltani, T., shafiepour motlagh, m., ashrafi, k., & Habibian, M. (2020). Traffic scenarios on Sadr Overpass: A multi-criteria analysis considering air pollution. Modares Civil Engineering journal, 19(6), 103-113. from http://mcej.modares.ac.ir/article-16-32224-en.html.
Arhami, M., Hosseini, V., Shahne, M. Z., Bigdeli, M., Lai, A., & Schauer, J. J. (2017). Seasonal trends, chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine PM in Tehran. Atmospheric Environment, 153, 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.046.
Choi, D., Beardsley, M., Brzezinski, D., Koupal, J., & Warila, J. (2010). MOVES sensitivity analysis: the impacts of temperature and humidity on emissions. Paper presented at the US EPA–Proceedings from the 19th Annual International Emission Inventory Conference, Ann Arbor, MI. from https://gaftp.epa.gov/AIR/nei/ei_conference/EI20/session6/choi.pdf.
Ghadiri, Z., Rashidi, Y., & Broomandi, P. (2017). Evaluation Euro IV of effectiveness in transportation systems of Tehran on air quality: Application of IVE model. Pollution, 3(4), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.22059/POLL.2017.62779.
Ghaffarpasand, O., Talaie, M. R., Ahmadikia, H., Khozani, A. T., Shalamzari, M. D., & Majidi, S. (2021). Real-world evaluation of driving behaviour and emission performance of motorcycle transportation in developing countries: A case study of Isfahan, Iran. Urban Climate, 39, 100923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100923.
Gupta, I., Kandari, S., Rajput, A., Asif, M., & Singh, A. (2013). Multipoint Fuel Injection System. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2(11), 642-647. h https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV2IS110123.
Hall, D. L., Anderson, D. C., Martin, C. R., Ren, X., Salawitch, R. J., He, H., Canty, T. P., et al. (2020). Using near-road observations of CO, NOy, and CO2 to investigate emissions from vehicles: Evidence for an impact of ambient temperature and specific humidity. Atmospheric Environment, 117558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117558.
Hartfield, G., Blunden, J., & Arndt, D. S. (2018). State of the Climate in 2017. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(8), Si-S310. https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.
Hassani, A., & Hosseini, V. (2016). An assessment of gasoline motorcycle emissions performance and understanding their contribution to Tehran air pollution. Transportation research part D: Transport and environment, 47, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.05.003.
Hoseinifar, S. E., Shafiepour Motlagh, M., Ashrafi, K., & Ahadi, M. R. (2023). Sensitivity Analysis of Hazardous Air Pollutants Emission from Passenger Cars to Traffic, Geographic and Environmental Parameters (Case Study: Tehran). Road, 31(114), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.22034/ROAD.2022.356276.2077.
Iran Meteorological Organization. (2020). “Specialized products and services weather”. Analytical reports & climatic data. from https://www.irimo.ir/eng/wd/720-Products-Services.html.
ISSRC. (2008). International Sustainable Systems Research Center, IVE Model User Manual, Version 2.0. from http://www.issrc.org/ive/downloads/manuals/UsersManual.pdf.
Jung, S., Lee, M., Kim, J., Lyu, Y., & Park, J. (2011). Speed‐dependent emission of air pollutants from gasoline‐powered passenger cars. Environmental Technology, 32(11), 1173-1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.505611.
Koupal, J., & Palacios, C. (2019). Impact of new fuel specifications on vehicle emissions in Mexico. Atmospheric Environment, 201, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.028.
Lindsey, R., & Dahlman, L. (2020). Climate change: Global temperature. Climate. gov, 16. from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature.
Luján, J. M., Climent, H., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Moratal, A. (2018). Pollutant emissions and diesel oxidation catalyst performance at low ambient temperatures in transient load conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 129, 1527-1537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.138.
Luján, J. M., Climent, H., Ruiz, S., & Moratal, A. (2019). Influence of ambient temperature on diesel engine raw pollutants and fuel consumption in different driving cycles. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(8-9), 877-888. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418792353.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., ... & Zhou, B. (2021). Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, 2. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.
Ng, E. C., Huang, Y., Hong, G., Zhou, J. L., & Surawski, N. C. (2021). Reducing vehicle fuel consumption and exhaust emissions from the application of a green-safety device under real driving. Science of the Total Environment, 793, 148602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148602.
Pekula, N., Kuritz, B., Hearne, J., Marchese, A., & Hesketh, R. (2003). The effect of ambient temperature, humidity, and engine speed on idling emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks. SAE transactions, 148-158. https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0290.
Pianosi, F., Beven, K., Freer, J., Hall, J. W., Rougier, J., Stephenson, D. B., & Wagener, T. (2016). Sensitivity analysis of environmental models: A systematic review with practical workflow. Environmental Modelling & Software, 79, 214-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.008.
Pinto, J. A., Kumar, P., Alonso, M. F., Andreão, W. L., Pedruzzi, R., dos Santos, F. S., Moreira, D. M., et al. (2020). Traffic data in air quality modeling: a review of key variables, improvements in results, open problems and challenges in current research. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11(3), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.11.018.
Saltelli, A., Ratto, M., Andres, T., Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., Gatelli, D., Saisana, M., et al. (2008). Global sensitivity analysis: the primer: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2008.00062_17.x.
Shafie-Pour, M., & Tavakoli, A. (2013). On-road vehicle emissions forecast using IVE simulation model. International Journal of Environmental Research, 7(2), 367-376. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJER.2013.614.
Shahbazi, H., Reyhanian, M., Hosseini, V., & Afshin, H. (2016). The relative contributions of mobile sources to air pollutant emissions in Tehran, Iran: an emission inventory approach. Emission Control Science and Technology, 2(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-015-0031-x.
Shrestha, S. R., Oanh, N. T. K., Xu, Q., Rupakheti, M., & Lawrence, M. G. (2013). Analysis of the vehicle fleet in the Kathmandu Valley for estimation of environment and climate co-benefits of technology intrusions. Atmospheric Environment, 81, 579-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.050.
Tehran Air Quality Control Company. (2020). analysis of gasoline of Tehran’s filling stations. from https://air.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=957.
Transport and Traffic Deputy of Tehran Municipality. (2020). Gozideye āmāre haml va naghl va traffic Tehran [Excerpt of statistics on transport and traffic in Tehran]. Tehran Municipality, 1-16. from http://trafficorg.tehran.ir.
Zalakeviciute, R., López-Villada, J., & Rybarczyk, Y. (2018). Contrasted effects of relative humidity and precipitation on urban PM2. 5 pollution in high elevation urban areas. Sustainability, 10(6), 2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062064.
Zhang, Q., Fan, J., Yang, W., Ying, F., Bao, Z., Sheng, Y., Lin, C., et al. (2018). Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 71, 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.021.
Pollution
Volume 9, Issue 4
October 2023
Pages 1808-1818

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics