The Impact of Surfactant on Aquatic Ecosystems: A Study on Biochemical Alterations in Clarias gariepinus Induced with Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Author

Department of Biology, Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria

Abstract

The toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABs) to Clarias gariepinus was investigated. For 30 days, the fish were exposed to LABs at 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 mg/L. After each trial period, one fish from each plastic tub was chosen and its heart was punctured for blood samples. The blood samples were then collected and deposited in pre-designated bottles for analysis. Following blood collection, a fish was dissected and its organs were extracted. The organs were preserved in liquid nitrogen at -25oC until they were analyzed. A portable refractometer was used to quantify total serum protein content. A microplate reader was used to measure reduced glutathione (GSH). Albumin was quantified using the Bromocresol Green albumin assay kit, whereas alanine aminotransferase activity was assessed colorimetrically. Subtracting albumin from protein concentration yielded the globulin content. On days 23 and 30, protein content corresponds positively with exposure length and differs significantly (p < 0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The activity of GSH reduced slightly but not significantly (p > 0.05). Significant variations in albumin and globulin (p < 0.05) only on day 30. AAS activity differs significantly (p < 0.05) between treatments and the control. This study demonstrated that LAB exposure can be harmful to human health. Because anthropogenic sources are the primary source of LAB exposure, authorities must implement strict mitigation measures to limit this risk.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Adewoye, A. & Lateef, A. (2004): Evaluation of themicrobiological characteristics of Oyun river; Apolluted river in North-central Nigeria. Pollution Res 23(14); 587 – 591.  
Adewoye, S.O. & Fawole, O.O. (2002). ‘Bioconcentration of Metals in the Tissue of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings Exposed to Lethal Concentration of Cassava Wastewaters,’ World Journal of Biotechnology. 3, 465–468.
Adewoye, S.O., Fawole, O.O., Owolabi, O.D. & Omotosho, J.S. (2005). Toxicity of cassava wastewatereffluents to African catfish: Clarias gariepinus Ethiop.J. Sci., 28 (7): 189-194  
Abhijit, B.D., Ramesh, M. & Poopal, R.K. (2016).  Responses of Metabolic and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities in Gill, Liver and Plasma of Catla catla during Methyl Parathion Exposure. The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology. 77:31-40. 
Ademuyiwa, O., R. N.& Ugbaja, S. O. (2007). “Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity as a surrogate indicator of lead-induced neurotoxicity in occupational lead exposure in Abeokuta, Nigeria,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 183–188.
Adewolu, M.A., Adeniji, C. A. & Ademola, B.A. (2008). Feed utilization, growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) cultured under different photoperiods Aquaculture. Vol. 283,  64 – 67. 
Bigbee, J. W. & Sharma, K. V. (2004). “The adhesive role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE): detection of AChE binding proteins in developing rat spinal cord,” Neurochemical Research, vol. 29, no.11, pp. 2043–2050.
Céspedes, R., Lacorte, S., Ginebreda, A. & Barceló, D. (2008). Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in sewage treatment plants and impact on receiving waters along the Ter River (Catalonia, NE Spain). Environmental Pollution 153:384–392
Fogarty, M. J., Gonzalez, M. A.,Mantilla, C. B. & Sieck, G. C.(2019). Diaphragm neuromuscular transmission failure in aged rats. Journal of Neurophysiology , 122(1): 93– 104. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00061.2019 
Fernandes, C., Fontaínhas, A., MonteiroS.M. & Salgado, M.A., (2007). Histopathological gill changes in wild leaping grey mullet (Liza saliens) from the Esmoriz-Paramos coastal lagoon, Portugal. Environmental Toxicology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 443-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20269. PMid:17607735.
Gomez, V., Ferreres, L., Pocurull, E. & Borrull, F. (2011). Determination of nonionic and anionic surfactants in environmental water matrices. Talanta 84:859–866
Jee, J.H, Masroor, F.& Kang, J.C. (2005). Responses of cypermethrin-induced stress in haematological parameters of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)  Aquac. Res., 36, 898-905 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2109.2005.0'1299.xResearch. ;36(9):898–905
Lundblad, R. (2003). Considerations for the use of blood plasma and serum for proteomic analysis. The Internet Journal of Genomics and Proteomics.;1:1-8
Mungray, A.K. & Kumar, P. (2009). Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the environment: a review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 63:981–987.
Reddy,E. (2002). Industrial pollution in Andhara Pradesh perspectives Environment and people 9 (1) 20-21. 
Samanta, P., Pal, S., Mukherjee, A.K, Senapati, T.& Ghosh, A.R. (2013). Evaluation of enzymatic activities in liver of three teleostean fishes exposed to commercial herbicide, Almix 20 WP. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 
Sayed, A. H.& Younes, H. A. M. (2017). Melano-macrophage centers in Clarias gariepinus as an immunological biomarker for toxicity of silver nanoparticles. The Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, 5(2), 97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jmau.2016.07.003