Toxic Effect of Bisphenol A Causes Oxidative Stress in cyanobacterium Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Biology Department, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

10.22059/poll.2024.374177.2295

Abstract

Microalgae are good tools for toxicity indicators in aquatic habitats. The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of bisphenol A at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100) mg/l and the oxidative response induced by this exposure using the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum. The results showed a decrease in the algal biomass rate with increasing concentrations of bisphenol A, while the Half inhibition concentration (IC50) of BPA was 2.68 mg/l. The chlorophyll-a and carotenoids recorded highest value in the control group, which were 0.96 and 0.56 µg/ml, while the concentrations of these pigments decreased with increasing concentrations of BPA, their lowest value being recorded at (0.54 and 0.35) µg/ml at a concentration of 100 mg/l. 
The results showed that Catalase (CAT) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes recorded a higher value of (0.34 and 4.66) U/g at 100 mg/l BPA, while the lowest values of these enzymes recorded 0.10 and 3.7 U/g in the control group respectively. While the Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme recorded a high value of 22.22 U/g at 1 mg/l BPA and decreased with a lower value of 19.46 U/g at 100 mg/l. In addition, Glutathione (GST) showed lower values of 5.413 µmole/g in the control group and increased at higher values at a concentration of 100 mg/l which reached to 18.68 µmole/g. Nevertheless, the indication of cell damage such as Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) recorded lowest values of 0.13 and 14.153 µmole/g in the control group, while higher values recorded with increasing concentrations of BPA were recorded at 3.487 and 74.4 µmole/g at 100mg/l BPA, respectively. All treatments were statistically analyzed with p ≤ 0.05 as significant differences were found between all treatments.  This study concluded that cyanobacteria G. crepidinum have the ability to resist the toxic effects of bisphenol A by increasing antioxidant production in their bodies, so they can be considered biological tools to eliminate toxic compounds in aquatic environments.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Azizullah, A., Khan, S., Gao, G., & Gao, K. (2022). The interplay between bisphenol A and algae–A review. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(5), 102050. 
Ben Ouada, S., Ben Ali, R., Leboulanger, C., Zaghden, H., Choura, S., Ben Ouada, H., & Sayadi, S. (2018). Effect and removal of bisphenol A by two extremophilic microalgal strains (Chlorophyta). Journal of applied phycology, 30, 1765-1776. 
Czarny-Krzymińska, K., Krawczyk, B., & Szczukocki, D. (2022). Toxicity of bisphenol A and its structural congeners to microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Desmodesmus armatus. Journal of applied phycology, 34(3), 1397-1410. 
Ebenezer, V., & Ki, J.-S. (2016). Toxic effects of Aroclor 1016 and bisphenol A on marine green algae Tetraselmis suecica, diatom Ditylum brightwellii and dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Korean Journal of Microbiology, 52(3), 306-312. 
Erel, O. (2005). A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical biochemistry, 38(12), 1103-1111. 
Fan, G., Chen, Z., Yan, Z., Du, B., Pang, H., Tang, D., Luo, J., & Lin, J. (2021). Efficient integration of plasmonic Ag/AgCl with perovskite-type LaFeO3: enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for removal of harmful algae. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 409, 125018. 
Hadwan, M. H., & kadhum, A. S. (2018). New spectrophotometric assay for assessments of catalase activity in biological samples. Analytical biochemistry, 542, 29-33. 
Hakim, R. H., & Alghanmi, H. A. (2024). Bio-removal of bisphenol A by cyanobacterium Gloeocapsopsis crepidium. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 28(1), 1719-1726. 
Jo, C., & Ahn, D. (1998). Fluorometric analysis of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in turkey. Poultry science, 77(3), 475-480. 
Kearney, P. (2023). Removal of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A from water University of Bath]. 
Kim, T. Y., Leem, E., Lee, J. M., & Kim, S. R. (2020). Control of reactive oxygen species for the prevention of Parkinson’s disease: the possible application of flavonoids. Antioxidants, 9(7), 583. 
Li, J., Wang, Y., Li, N., He, Y., Xiao, H., Fang, D., & Chen, C. (2022). Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on Chlorella Pyrenoidosa under Single and Combined Action. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074245 
Li, R., Chen, G.-Z., Tam, N. F. Y., Luan, T.-G., Shin, P. K., Cheung, S. G., & Liu, Y. (2009). Toxicity of bisphenol A and its bioaccumulation and removal by a marine microalga Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, 72(2), 321-328. 
Marklund, S., & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European journal of biochemistry, 47(3), 469-474. 
Nakano, Y., & Asada, K. (1987). Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts; its inactivation in ascorbate-depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Plant and cell physiology, 28(1), 131-140. 
Sebaugh, J. (2011). Guidelines for accurate EC50/IC50 estimation. Pharmaceutical statistics, 10(2), 128-134. 
Sharma, V., Jain, D., Rai, A. R., Kumari, P., Nagar, V., Kaur, A., Singh, A., Verma, R. K., Pandey, H., & Sankhla, M. S. (2023). Toxicological assessment and concentration analysis of Bisphenol A in food grade plastics: A systematic review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 95, 18-25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.336 
Zavřel, T., Sinetova, M. A., & Červený, J. (2015). Measurement of chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration in cyanobacteria. Bio-protocol, 5(9), e1467-e1467. 
Zhang, H., Ding, T., Luo, X., & Li, J. (2021). Toxic effect of fluorene-9-bisphenol to green algae Chlorella vulgaris and its metabolic fate. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 216, 112158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112158 
Zhang, W., Xiong, B., Sun, W. F., An, S., Lin, K. F., Guo, M. J., & Cui, X. H. (2014). Acute and chronic toxic effects of bisphenol a on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus. Environmental toxicology, 29(6), 714-722.