Batch Investigations on Cadmium Ion Adsorption Using Activated Carbon with a Focus on pH, Adsorbent Dosage, and Contact Time

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu & Kashmir-185234, India

Abstract

One of the most significant environmental issues at the moment is wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. Considering how persistent they are, heavy metal removal from the environment is very important. Adsorption techniques are being used by many researchers to remove heavy metals and one common adsorbent used in these procedures is activated carbon. The aim of this research has been to utilise activated carbon in batch investigations to remove Cadmium (Cd) ions. Several experimental conditions have been considered to see the effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The pH and the adsorbent dose has been varied to find out the optimum pH and the optimum adsorbent dose. The Cd solutions has been prepared with varying concentrations at an optimum pH value for each solution. The initial and final absorbance has been noted before and after adding the optimum dose of activated carbon to each solution to study the effect of contact time and percentage removal efficiency of Cd. Maximum removal efficiency of 88.01% has been observed for Cd at a contact time of 60 minutes. The adsorption results has been validated by isotherm study and the Freundlich model gave a coefficient of regression (R2) value of 0.9504. Maximum Cd ions removal efficiency at the optimum pH and optimum dosage of activated carbon has been found to be 86.81% and 89.65%, respectively. According to the study's findings, activated carbon works well as an adsorbent when it comes to removing Cd. 

Keywords

Main Subjects


Abuilaiwi, F. A. (2020). Removal of Cadmium (II), Chromium (III), and Lead (II) Heavy Metal Ions from Water by Graft Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile onto Date Palm Fiber Using H2O2/Fe++as an Initiator. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2020(1), 1239267. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1239267
Adebayo, G. B., Adekola, F. A., Jimoh, A. A., Alao, F. O., & Adegoke, H. I. (2015). Adsorption of Cd (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Vitellaria paradoxa Shell. NSTI: Advanced Materials - TechConnect Briefs 2015, 3(3), 249–250. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000288
Ameen Hezam Saeed, A., Yub Harun, N., Mahmoud Nasef, M., Al-Fakih, A., Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb, A., & Kolawole Afolabi, H. (2022). Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(1), 101516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.06.002
APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, 51(23rd Edition), 1–1274. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.51.6.940-a
Ayub, S., Mohammadi, A. A., Yousefi, M., & Changani, F. (2019). Performance evaluation of agro-based adsorbents for the removal of cadmium from wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 142(January), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23455
Chaudhary, V., Chaudhary, K. D., Godara, N., & Mordhiya, B. (2014). Study on removal of cadmium(II) ions from wastewater using activated carbon of Salvadora persica stem. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 13(3), 619–622.
Devi M, M. (2017). Heavy Metals Removal from Industrial Wastewater by Nano Adsorbent Prepared from Cucumis Melopeel Activated Carbon. Journal of Nanomedicine Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00102
Freundlich, H. M. F. (1906). Over the adsorption in solution. J. Phys. Chem, 57(385471), 1100–1107.
Genchi, G., S, S., Graziantono, L., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020). The E ff ects of Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(Cd), 1–24.
Gran, S., Aziz, R., Rafiq, M. T., Abbasi, M., Qayyum, A., Elnaggar, A. Y., Elganzory, H. H., El-Bahy, Z. M., & Hussein, E. E. (2021). Development of cerium oxide/corncob nanocomposite: A cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals. Polymers, 13(24), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244464
Huang, F., Wang, Z.-H., Cai, Y.-X., Chen, S.-H., Tian, J.-H., & Cai, K.-Z. (2018). Heavy metal bioaccumulation and cation release by growing Bacillus cereus RC-1 under culture conditions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 157, 216–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.077
Hydari, S., Sharififard, H., Nabavinia, M., & Parvizi, M. reza. (2012). A comparative investigation on removal performances of commercial activated carbon, chitosan biosorbent and chitosan/activated carbon composite for cadmium. Chemical Engineering Journal, 193–194, 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.057
IARC. (2022). Agents classified by the IARC monographs. Igarss 2014, 1–132(1), 1–5.
Irshad, M. A., Shakoor, M. B., Ali, S., Nawaz, R., & Rizwan, M. (2019). Synthesis and Application of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Removal of Cadmium from Wastewater: Kinetic and Equilibrium Study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 230(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4321-8
IS:3186. (2006). Indian Standard, Methods of Chemical Analysis of Cadmium, Copper (Reaffirmed 2006). Bureau of India Standards.
Jaafar, A., Darchen, A., Hamzi, S. El, Lakbaibi, Z., Driouich, A., Boussaoud, A., Yaacoubi, A., El Makhfouk, M., & Hachkar, M. (2021). Optimization of cadmium ions biosorption by fish scale from aqueous solutions using factorial design analysis and Monte Carlo simulation studies. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(1), 104727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104727
Kavand, M., Kaghazchi, T., & Soleimani, M. (2014). Optimization of parameters for competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions (Pb+2, Ni+2, Cd+2) onto activated carbon. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(4), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0280-8
Kayranli, B. (2022). Cadmium removal mechanisms from aqueous solution by using recycled lignocelluloses. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(1), 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.06.036
Kula, I., Uǧurlu, M., Karaoǧlu, H., & Çelik, A. (2008). Adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from olive stone by ZnCl2 activation. Bioresource Technology, 99(3), 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.015
Kumar, P., & Kumar, P. (2019). Removal of cadmium (Cd-II) from aqueous solution using gas industry-based adsorbent. SN Applied Sciences, 1(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0377-8
Kumar, P. S., Ramalingam, S., Sathyaselvabala, V., Kirupha, S. D., Murugesan, A., & Sivanesan, S. (2012). Removal of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by agricultural waste cashew nut shell. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29(6), 756–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-011-0259-2
Langmuir, I. (1918). The Adsorption of Gases on Plane Surfaces of Glass, Mica and Platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361–1403. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02242a004
Li, Y., Zhou, M., Waterhouse, G. I. N., Sun, J., Shi, W., & Ai, S. (2021). Efficient removal of cadmium ions from water by adsorption on a magnetic carbon aerogel. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(5), 5149–5157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10859-0
Manjuladevi, M., Anitha, R., & Manonmani, S. (2018). Kinetic study on adsorption of Cr(VI), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from Cucumis melo peel. Applied Water Science, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0674-1
Minceva, M., Fajgar, R., Markovska, L., & Meshko, V. (2008). Comparative study of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ removal from water solution using natural clinoptilolitic zeolite and commercial granulated activated carbon. Equilibrium of adsorption. Separation Science and Technology, 43(8), 2117–2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390801941174
Molina-Campos, D. F., Delgadillo, D. P. V., Giraldo, L., & Moreno-Piraján, J. C. (2020). Removal of metal ions CD(II), CR(VI) and NI(II) from aqueous solution using an organic aerogel and carbon aerogel obtained by acid catalysis. Materials Express, 10(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1166/mex.2020.1623
Murithi, G., Onindo, C. O., Wambu, E. W., & Muthakia, G. K. (2014). Removal of Cadmium(II) Ions from Water by Adsorption using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Biomass. BioResources, 9(2), 3613–3631. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.2.3613-3631
Naiya, T. K., Bhattacharya, A. K., & Das, S. K. (2008). Removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions using clarified sludge. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 325(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.06.003
Rao, K., Mohapatra, M., Anand, S., & Venkateswarlu, P. (2011). Review on cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 2(7), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v2i7.63747
Saini, S., Katnoria, J. K., & Kaur, I. (2019). A comparative study for removal of cadmium(II) ions using unmodified and NTA-modified Dendrocalamus strictus charcoal powder. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 17(1), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-019-00345-2
Salmani, M. H., Davoodi, M., Ehrampoush, M. H., Ghaneian, M. T., & Fallahzadah, M. H. (2013). Removal of cadmium (II) from simulated wastewater by ion flotation technique. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 10(1), 1–5.
Singanan, M. (2011). Removal of lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions from wastewater using activated biocarbon. ScienceAsia, 37(2), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.115
Sudha, P. N., & Celine, S. (2008). Removal of Heavy Metal Cadmium from Industrial Wastewater Using Chitosan Coated Coconut Charcoal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 7(4), 601–604.
Tan, G., & Xiao, D. (2009). Adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by ground wheat stems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2–3), 1359–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.082
Ullah, M., & Haque, M. E. (2011). Spectrophotometric Determination of Toxic Elements (Cadmium) in Aqueous Media. Journal of Chemical Engineering, C(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/jce.v25i0.7233
Villabona-ort, Á., Tejada-tovar, C., & Dar, Á. (2021). Adsorption of Cd2+ Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Biomasses of Theobroma cacao , Zea mays , Manihot esculenta ,. Applied Sciences, 11(6), 2657.
Xu, M., Hadi, P., Chen, G., & McKay, G. (2014). Removal of cadmium ions from wastewater using innovative electronic waste-derived material. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 273, 118–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.037
Yanagisawa, H., Matsumoto, Y., & Machida, M. (2010). Adsorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions onto magnesium and activated carbon composite in aqueous solution. Applied Surface Science, 256(6), 1619–1623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.10.010
Zhai, Y., Wei, X., Zeng, G., Zhang, D., & Chu, K. (2004). Study of adsorbent derived from sewage sludge for the removal of Cd2+, Ni2+ in aqueous solutions. Separation and Purification Technology, 38(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2003.11.007