Abdulfattah, I. S., Rajab, J. M., Al-Salihi, A. M., Suliman, A., & Lim, H. S. (2020). Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric carbon monoxide during 2012 over Iraq. Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska, 29.
Abdulla Jaf, S.O., & Souri, B. (2024). Properties of the Nuisance Dust Particles in Sulaymaniyah City, Northeastern Iraq. Pollution (2383451X), 10(1).
Al-Alola, S. S., Alkadi, I. I., Alogayell, H. M., Mohamed, S. A., & Ismail, I. Y. (2022). Air quality estimation using remote sensing and GIS-spatial technologies along Al-Shamal train pathway, Al-Qurayyat City in Saudi Arabia. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 15, 100184.
Al-Khuwaylidee, I. K. R., Hassoon, A. F., & Al-Ramahi, F. K. M. (2023, August). Assessment Vertical and Spatial Distribution of SO2 Concentration over Baghdad City (Case Study at 2022). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1223, No. 1, p. 012013). IOP Publishing.
Al-lami, A. M., Salih, Z. Q., Al-Bayati, R. M., Al-Salihi, A. M., & Saleh, A. Q. (2021). Some Comments on Air Pollution Levels over Iraq during Covid-19 pandemic period Employing Remotely Sensed Data.
Anggraini, T.S., Irie, H., Sakti, A.D., & Wikantika, K. (2024). Machine learning-based global air quality index development using remote sensing and ground-based stations. Environmental Advances, 15, 100456.
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2020). Guidance for Inhalation Exposures. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Azeez, H.L., Ahmed, B.U., & Al-Waeli, A.H. (2022). Internet of things-based real-time monitoring of air quality in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 7, p.19.
Bauwens, M., Compernolle, S., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.F., Van Gent, J., Eskes, H., Levelt, P.F., Van Der A, R., Veefkind, J.P., Vlietinck, J., & Yu, H. (2020). Impact of coronavirus outbreak on NO2 pollution assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(11), e2020GL087978.
Brancher, M. (2021). Increased ozone pollution alongside reduced nitrogen dioxide concentrations during Vienna’s first COVID-19 lockdown: Significance for air quality management. Environmental Pollution, 284, p.117153.
Central Statistical Organization of Iraq. (2021). Authority of Statistics and Geographic Information System, Statistics of Private Sector Motorcars that Registered at General Directorate of Traffic until 31/12/2022, Transportation and Communication Statistics Directorate.
Central Statistical Organization of Iraq. (2021). Statistics of Private Sector Motorcars that Registered at General Directorate of Traffic until 31/12/2020, Transportation and Communication Statistics Directorate.
Central Statistical Organization of Iraq. (2021). Statistics of Private Sector Motorcars that Registered at General Directorate of Traffic until 31/12/2019, Transportation and Communication Statistics Directorate.
Chan, K.L., Wiegner, M., Alberti, C., & Wenig, M. (2020). MAX-DOAS measurements of tropospheric NO2 and HCHO in Munich and the comparison to OMI and TROPOMI satellite observations. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 4499–4520.
Chen, S., & Zheng, L. (2022). Complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition and independent recurrent neural network model for predicting air quality index. Applied Soft Computing, 131, 109757.
Cichowicz, R., Wielgosiński, G., & Fetter, W. (2017). Dispersion of atmospheric air pollution in summer and winter season. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189, 1-10.
Commission of statistics and GIS (2024). Results of the 2024 General Population and Housing Census in Iraq: Final Results, Key Indicators, and Aggregate Data Tables.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (2018). Technical assistance document for reporting of daily air quality-the air quality index (AQI). EPA-454/B-18-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Ganbat, G., Lee, H., Jo, H.W., Jadamba, B., & Karthe, D. (2022). Assessment of COVID-19 impacts on air quality in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, based on terrestrial and sentinel-5P TROPOMI data. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22(10), p.220196.
Hamadamin, R.R., Omer, L.W., & Rasul, A. (2022). Experimental Study of Ambient Air Quality Assessment During Oil Well Drilling. Aerosol Science and Engineering, 6(3), pp.296-305.
Kaloni, D., Lee, Y.H., & Dev, S. (2022). air quality in the New Delhi metropolis under COVID-19 lockdown. Systems and Soft Computing, 4, 200035.
Kaplan, G., & Avdan, Z.Y. (2020). Space-borne air pollution observation from sentinel-5p tropomi: Relationship between pollutants, geographical and demographic data. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 5(3), 130-137.
Kazemiparkouhi, F., Eum, K.D., Wang, B., Manjourides, J., & Suh, H.H. (2020). Long-term ozone exposures and cause-specific mortality in a US Medicare cohort. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 30(4), 650-658.
KRG (Kurdistan Regional Government). (2020). Monthly metrological data from 2002 – 2020. Ministry of Transportation, Meteorological Agency, General Directorate of Meteorology in Sulaymaniyah Province, Sulaymaniyah Station, Meteorological Department.
KRG (Kurdistan Regional Government). (2024). Monthly metrological data from 2019 – 2023. Ministry of Transportation, Meteorological Agency, General Directorate of Meteorology in Sulaymaniyah Province, Sulaymaniyah Station, Meteorological Department.
Kumar, P., Singh, A.B., Arora, T., Singh, S., & Singh, R. (2023). Critical review on emerging health effects associated with the indoor air quality and its sustainable management. Science of The Total Environment, 872, 162163.
Kurdistan Region Statistics Office. (2024). Industry Statistics department, “Electric generators Survey in the private sector in Kurdistan Region 2021”.
Lama, S., Houweling, S., Boersma, K.F., Aben, I., van der Gon, H.A.D., & Krol, M.C. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban photochemistry as inferred from TROPOMI. Atmospheric Environment, 312, p.120042.
Li, Q., Jacob, D.J., Logan, J.A., Bey, I., Yantosca, R.M., Liu, H., Martin, R.V., Fiore, A.M., Field, B.D., Duncan, B.N., & Thouret, V. (2001). A tropospheric ozone maximum over the Middle East. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(17), 3235-3238.
Liu, C.S., Wei, Y., Yazdi, M.D., Qiu, X., Castro, E., Zhu, Q., Li, L., Koutrakis, P., Ekenga, C.C., Shi, L., & Schwartz, J.D. (2023). Long-term association of air pollution and incidence of lung cancer among older Americans: A national study in the Medicare cohort. Environment international, 181, 108266.
Meena, K.K., Bairwa, D., & Agarwal., A. (2024). A machine learning approach for unraveling the influence of air quality awareness on travel behavior. Decision Analytics Journal., 11, 100459.
Morozova, A.E., Sizov, O.S., Elagin, P.O., Agzamov, N.A., Fedash, A.V., & Lobzhanidze, N.E. (2022). Integral Assessment of Atmospheric Air Quality in the Largest Cities of Russia Based on TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) Data for 2019–2020. Cosmic Research, 60(Suppl 1), S57-S68.
Onojeghuo, A., Rasul, A., & Onojeghuo, A. (2025). Air pollution exposure and hotspots of CO, NO2, SO2, PM2. 5, and aerosols in Iraq. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(11), pp.1-18.
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health and Environment, Iraqi Cancer Board. (2019). Iraqi Cancer Registry.
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health and Environment, Iraqi Cancer Board. (2020). Iraqi Cancer Registry.
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health and Environment, Iraqi Cancer Board. (2021). Iraqi Cancer Registry.
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Iraqi Cancer Board. (2022). Cancer Registry of Iraq.
Salih, M.Q., Hamadamin, R.R., & Hama, J.R. (2023). Emission and exposure of hydrogen sulfide in the air from oil refinery: spatiotemporal field monitoring. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(5), pp.4727-4736.
Shikwambana, L., Kganyago, M., Mbatha, N., & Mhangara, P. (2024). First time calculation of the spatial distribution of concentration and air quality index over South Africa using TROPOMI data. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 74:8, 556-568.
Shikwambana, L., Mhangara, P., & Mbatha, N. (2020). Trend analysis and first-time observations of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in South Africa using TROPOMI/Sentinel-5 P data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 91, 102130.
Singh, T., Kaur, A., Katyal, S.K., Walia, S.K., Dhand, G., Sheoran, K., Mohanty, S.N., Khan, M.I., Awwad, F.A., & Ismail, E.A. (2023). Exploring the relationship between air quality index and lung cancer mortality in India: predictive modeling and impact assessment. Scientific Reports, 13(1).
Tseng, C.Y., Huang, Y.C., Su, S.Y., Huang, J.Y., Lai, C.H., Lung, C.C., Ho, C.C., & Liaw, Y.P. (2012). Cell type specificity of female lung cancer associated with sulfur dioxide from air pollutants in Taiwan: an ecological study. BMC public health, 12, 1-8.
U.S. EPA. (1997). Exposure Factors Handbook - Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/P-95/002F a-c, 1997.
U.S. EPA. (2001). Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 2000 Status and Trends. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC 27711. EPA 454/K-01-002.
U.S. EPA. (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook: Chapter 6—Inhalation Rates.
U.S. EPA. (2018). Technical assistance document for the reporting of daily air quality–The Air Quality Index (AQI). Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. EPA. (2021). Exposure Assessment Tools by Routes – Inhalation, EPA ExpoBox (A Toolbox for Exposure Assessors).
Van Geffen, J., Eskes, H., Compernolle, S., Pinardi, G., Verhoelst, T., Lambert, J.C., Sneep, M., Ter Linden, M., Ludewig, A., Boersma, K.F., & Veefkind, J.P., 2022. Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO 2 retrieval: impact of version v2. 2 improvements and comparisons with OMI and ground-based data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 15(7), pp.2037-2060.
Wang, C., Wang, T., Wang, P., & Rakitin, V. (2020). Comparison and Validation of TROPOMI and OMI NO2 Observations over China. Atmosphere, 11(6), 636.
Wang, W., Meng, L., Hu, Z., Yuan, X., Zeng, W., Li, K., Luo, H., Tang, M., Zhou, X., Tian, X., & Luo, C. (2022). The association between outdoor air pollution and lung cancer risk in seven eastern metropolises of China: Trends in 2006-2014 and sex differences. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, 939564.
Wieczorek, B. (2023). Air pollution patterns mapping of SO2, NO2, and CO derived from TROPOMI over Central-East Europe. Remote Sensing, 15(6), p.1565.
Zalakeviciute, R., López-Villada, J., & Rybarczyk, Y. (2018). Contrasted effects of relative humidity and precipitation on urban PM2. 5 pollution in high elevation urban areas. Sustainability, 10(6), p.2064.