Sustainability-based Conservation Approach to Assess the Health and Quality Condition of Aquatic Ecosystems using bed Sediment Oxygen Demand Rate and its Associated Factors (Case study: Darreh-rood River, Aras Basin, Moghan Region, NW-Iran)

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water and Wastewater Engineering Group, International Campus (AIC), University of Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Bed Sediment is a dynamic and complex material that plays an important role in the aquatic ecosystems and provides habitat from a highly various community of organisms. To address the major issue, this study, which its substantive subject done for the first time in Iran, aimed to assess the current status of Darreh-rood river's health and quality using SOD rate and its associated factors including Texture, fine-PSD, TOC and TP of bed sediments along with some basic field parameters of river-water. All required samples were collected from 10 sampling points in due course. SOD data with regard to related factors were calculated and analyzed. The rates of SOD ranged from 0.69 to 1.57 g O2/m2/day. Moreover, this index was classified in varied quality domains. Afterwards, a predictive equation was determined among SOD rate and its associated parameters using MATLAB software. Finally, the Results showed that the river quality and health suitability in research area are in categories slightly clean and slightly degraded, in targeted zones during the study period. Also, the increase in TOC and TP concentrations together with a decrease in sediment particle size was led to an increase in SOD-rate accordingly. In conclusion, the consequences of this study under Survivability-based Adaptive Management (SAM) perspective can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool to support water policy decision-makers and other stakeholders to promote the best practices for protecting the health conditions of riverine systems, focusing on selecting the appropriate points for discharging the wastewaters into the receiving water-bodies. 

Keywords

References

Ashayeri, A., Karbassi, A.R. and Baghvand, A. (2014). Assessing Darreh-rood river water quality for irrigation using sustainable conservation approach and CCME-WQI model. WSRCJ, 3(4), 51-61.
Ashayeri, A. (2014). Systematic Evaluation of the River Pollution Load and its Vulnerability Potential using Integrated Approach to Bio-Engineering Aspects, Considering Physicochemical and Eco-geomorphologic Indices for determination of its Health Condition and Qualitative Fringe. MS Thesis Report, AIC, University of Tehran, Iran.
Allan, J.D. and Castillo, M. (2007). Stream Ecology: Structure and function of running waters. Second Edition. (New York: Chapman and Hall).
Andrade Costa, D., Azevedo, J.P., Santos, M., and Santos Facchetti, R. (2020). Water quality assessment based on multivariate statistics and water quality index of a strategic river in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Scientific reports, 10(1), 22038.
APHA. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 21st edition. (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association).
ASTM. (2014-2017). Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis. (West Conshohocken, PA:ASTM International).
Berg, M., Meehan, M. and Scherer, T. (2017). Environmental Implications of Excess Fertilizer and Manure on Water Quality. NDSU Extension Service, NM1281, pp.2. (North Dakota: NDSU).
Bernhardt, E.S., Sudduth, E.B., Palmer, M.A., Allan, J.D., Meyer, J.L., Gretchen, A., Follstad-Shah, J., Hassett, B., Jenkinson, R. and Lave, R. (2007). Restoring Rivers One Reach at a Time: Results from a Survey of U.S. River Restoration Practitioners. Restoration Ecology, 15(3), 482-493.
Bowman, G.T. and Delfino, J.J. (1980). Sediment oxygen demand techniques: A review and comparison of laboratory and in situ systems. Water Research, 14, 491-499.
Boynton, W.R., Kemp, W.M., Osborne, C.G., Kaumeyer, K.R. and Jenkins, M.C. (1981). Influence of water circulation rate on in situ measurements of benthic community respiration. Marine Biology, 65, 185-190.
Brownstein, N.C., Louis, T.A., O'Hagan, A. and Pendergast, J. (2019). The Role of Expert Judgment in Statistical Inference and Evidence-based Decision-making. The American Statistician, 73(0 1), 56-68.
Cardoso, S.J., Quadra, G.R., Resende, N.S. and Roland, F. (2019). The role of sediments in the carbon and pollutant cycles in aquatic ecosystems. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 31, 15-23.
Chalimond, M.L., Ferreyra, M. and Cossavella, A.M. (2019). Measurement of sediment oxygen demand rates for benthic demand of Tercero (Ctalamochita) River, Córdoba province, Argentina. J-TYCA. 10(2), 241-257.
Chau, K.W. (2002). Field Measurements of SOD and sediment nutrient fluxes in a land locked embayment in Hong Kong. Advances in Environmental Research, 6, 135-142.
Collins, A.L., Zhang, Y., McMillan, S., Dixon, E.R., Stringfellow, A., Bateman, S. and Sear, D.A. (2017). Sediment-associated organic matter sources and sediment oxygen demand in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC): A case study of the River Axe, UK. River Res Applic., 33 (10), 1539–1552.
Doyle, M.C. and Lynch, D.D. (2005). Sediment oxygen demand in Lake Ewauna and the Klamath River, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report2005–5228, 14 p. (Portland, OR: USGS).
Doyle, M.C. and Rounds, S.A. (2003). The effect of chamber mixing velocity on bias in measurement of sediment oxygen demand rates in the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon.U.S. Geological Survey,Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4097, 16 p. (Portland, OR: USGS).
Foster, G.M., King, L.R., and Graham, J.L. (2016). Sediment oxygen demand in eastern Kansas streams, 2014 and 2015. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5113, 19 p. (Reston, VA: USGS).
Hagy, J.D., Boynton, W.R., Keefe, C.W. and Wood, K.V. (2004). Hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay, 1950–2001: Long-term change in relation to nutrient loading and river flow. Estuaries, 27, 634-658.
Heckathorn, H.A. and Jacob Gibs, J. (2010). Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Saddle River and Salem River Watersheds, New Jersey, July–August 2008.Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5093, 10 p. (Reston, VA: USGS).
Hu, W.F, Lo, W., Chau, H., Sin, SN. and Yu, Ph. (2001). Nutrient release and sediment oxygen demand in a eutrophic land-locked embayment in Hong Kong. Environment International, 26, 369- 375.
Iran Ministry of Energy. (2010-2015). Water Statistical Yearbook. Water and Wastewater Strategic Planning Office. (Tehran: Ir-MoE).
Jerie, K., Houshold, I. and Peters, D. (2003). Tasmania’s river geomorphology: stream character and regional analysis. Volume 1, Nature Conservation Report 03/5,Nature Conservation Branch, DPIWE. (HOBART Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment).
Lee, G.F. and Lee, A.J. (2007). Role of aquatic plant nutrients in causing sediment oxygen demand, part II- sediment oxygen demand. (El Macero, CA: G. Fred Lee and Associates).
LeeJoseph, H.W., Kuang, C.P. and Yung, K.S. (2000). Analysis of three-dimensional flow in cylindrical sediment Oxygen demand chamber. Applied Mathematical Modeling, 24, 263-278.
Liu, J., Yan, W., Chen, Z. and Jun Lu, J. (2012). Sediment sources and their contribution along northern coast of the South China Sea: Evidence from clay minerals of surface sediments. Continental Shelf Research, 47, 156-164.
Matlock, M., Kasprzak, K.R. and Osborn, G.S. (2007). Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Arroyo Colorado River. JAWRA. 39(2), 267-275.
Mezgebu, A., Lakew, A. and Lemma, B. (2019). Water quality assessment using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators in streams and rivers around Sebeta, Ethiopia. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 44(4), 361-367.
Moghimi, E. (2009). River Eco-Geomorphology and Rights. (Tehran: University of Tehran Press).
Mudroch, A. and MacKnight, S.D. (1994). Handbook of Techniques for Aquatic Sediments Sampling, pp 256. (Boca Raton: CRC Press).
Mueller, D.S. and Wagner, C.R. (2009). Measuring discharge with acoustic Doppler current profilers from a moving boat: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 3A-22, 72 p.(Reston, Virginia: USGS).
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA). (2012). Sediment Sampling Guide and Methodologies, 3rd Edition.  Division of Surface Water. (Columbus: Ohio-EPA).
Pan, B. Z., Wang, Z. Y. and  Xu, M. Z. (2012a). Macroinvertebrates in abandoned channels: assemblage characteristics and their indications for channel management. River Research and applications, 28(8), 1149-1160.
Richards, C., Johnson, L.B. and Host, G.E. (1996). Landscape scale influences on stream habitats and biota. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53 (1), 295-311.
Rong, N., Shan, B., and Wang, C. (2016). Determination of Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Ziya River Watershed, China: Based on Laboratory Core Incubation and Microelectrode Measurements. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13(2), 232.
Rosgen, D. L. (1994). A Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena, 22, 169-199.
SashaMusonge, P.L., Boets, P., Lock, K., Damanik Ambarita, M.N., Eurie Forio, M.A. and Goethals, P. LM. (2020). A Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index for Biomonitoring Rivers and Streams in the Rwenzori Region, Uganda. Sustainability, 12 (24), 10473.
Shrestha, S. and Kazama. F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environ. Model. Software, 22 (4), 464-475.
UN/ECE. (2003). Task Force on Laboratory Quality Management and Accreditation, Technical Report: Guidance to Operation of Water Quality Laboratories, 89 p. (Geneva: UNECE).
UNEP/WHO. (1996). Water Quality Monitoring: A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes. (NBO/GN: UNEP/WHO).
USDA. (2014). Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Twelfth Edition. NRCS Handbook. (Washington, DC: USDA, NRCS Office).
USEPA. (1981). Procedures for Handling and Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Water Samples, Technical Report: EPA/CE-81-1. (Mississippi: Environmental Laboratory, USAE/USEPA).
USEPA. (1985). Rates, constants and kinetics formulation in surface water quality modeling, second edition. EPA/600/3-85/040. (Georgia: USEPA).
USEPA. (1997). Technical Guidance Manual for Performing Waste-load Allocations, Book II: Streams and Rivers- Part 1: Biochemical Oxygen Demand/Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients/Eutrophication.Document Number: EPA-823-B-97-002. (Washington, DC: USEPA Standards and Applied Science Division).
USEPA. (2001). Methods for Collection, Storage and Manipulation of Sediments for Chemical and Toxicological Analyses, Technical Manual: EPA 823-B-01-002. (Washington, DC: Office of Water, USEPA).
USEPA. (2003a). Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen, Water Clarity and Chlorophyll a for the Chesapeake Bay and Its Tidal Tributaries, Regional Criteria Guidance. EPA 903-R03-002. (Region III Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis, MD: USEPA).
USGS. (1982). Measurement and Computation of Stream-flow: Volume 1. Measurement of Stage and Discharge. (Washington, DC: USGS).
USGS. (2005). Handbooks for Water-Resources Investigations, Chap A8: Bottom-Material Samples, National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data,Book 9. (Reston, VA: USGS).
Walker, R.R. and Snodgrass, W.J. (1986). Model for sediment oxygen demand in lakes. J. Environ. Engineer, 112(1), 25-43.
Yee, L.T., Hazel Pusin, N.M.F., Nyanti, L. and Miod, M.C. (2011). Sediment Oxygen Demand of the Santubong River and Their Contributing Factors. IJAST, 1(6), 162-168.
Zhang, P., Pang, Y., Pan, H., Shi, C., Huang, Y. and Wang, J. (2015). Factors contributing to hypoxia in the Minjiang river estuary, Southeast China.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 9357-9374.
Zhongqiao, L., Francien, P., Ying, W., Hongyan, B., Timothy, I.E. and Zhang, J. (2015). Sources of organic matter in Changjiang (Yangtze River) bed sediments: Preliminary insights from organic geochemical proxies.Organic Geochemistry, 85, 11-21.
Ziadat, A.H. and Berdanier, B.W. (2004). Stream Depth Significance During in-Situ Sediment Oxygen Demand Measurements in Shallow Streams. JAWRA, 40(3), 631-638.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics