Heavy Metals in Sludge Produced from UASB Treatment Plant at Mirzapur, India

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Department of Environmental Sciences (Environmental Technology), RGSC, (BHU), Mirzapur, India

Abstract

In Mirzapur (U.P.), a power-starved district, the UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) technique was adopted. Almost all of the available technologies do not treat heavy metals, so, is the case with the UASB also. The present study is to assess how much heavy metal can get accumulated in plant tissues in different species. The result of the present study was that the concentration of Pb(1106.31)>Zn(221.45)>Cd(49.26)>Hg(23.37) mg/Kg in the sludge while the concentration of Zn(93.35)>Pb(52.00)>Hg(16.93)>Cd(1.53) mg/Kg in the soil. When the sludge was mixed with the soil the trend got changed and the trend was Pb(596.36)>Zn(219.86)>Cd(24.70)>Hg(22.63) mg/Kg. Three different species that were chosen for the study were Basella Alba (Spinach), Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato) & Brassica Juncea (Mustard). The trend of accumulation of studied heavy metals in the Brassica Juncea (Mustard) was Zn(85.33)>Pb(25.88)>Hg(11.23)>Cd(0.99) mg/Kg. In Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) the trend was Pb(231.11)>Zn(108.72)>Hg(12.43)>Cd(9.41) mg/Kg  and in Basella alba (Spinach) was Zn(103.81)>Pb(83.90)>Hg(10.78)>Cd(4.18) mg/Kg. Overall the study reveals that the accumulation of heavy metals takes place in plants grown in soil mixed with sewage sludge. The reduction in the concentration of Pb, Cd, Hg and Zn in sludge mixed with soil after the harvesting of plant in case of Solanum lycopersicum were 39.38%, 47.93%, 6.18% and 49.89% respectively; while in case of Basella alba these were 25.23%, 57.53%, 71.58% and 49.16% respectively; and in case of Brassica Juncea these reduction were 25.86%, 60.80%, 70.96% and 49.04% respectively.

Keywords

References

Angino, E.E., Magnuson, L.M., Waugh, T.C., Galle, O.K. and Bredfeldt, J. (1970). Arsenic in detergents-possible danger and pollution hazard. Sci, 168; 389-392.
Asses, N., Farhat, A., Cherif, S., Hamdi, M. and Bouallagui, H. (2018). Comparative study of sewage sludge co-composting with olive mill wastes or green residues: Process monitoring and agriculture value of the resulting composts. Process Safety and Environment Protection, 114; 25-35.
Baker, W.G. (1972). Toxicity levels of mercury lead, copper and zinc in tissue culture systems of cauliflowers lettuce potato and carrot. Can J Bot, 50; 973-976.
Bogusz, A., Oleszczuk, P. and Dobrowolski, R. (2017). Adsorption and desorption of heavy metals by the sewage sludge and biochar-amended soil. Environ Geochem Health, 41; 1663-1674.
Bradford, W.I. (1997). Urban storm water pollutant loadings a statistical summary through. JWPCF, 49; 610-613.
Cargnelutti, D., Tabaldi, L.A., Spanevello, R.M., Jucoski, G.O., Battisti, V., Redin, M., Linares, C.E.B., Dressler, V.L., Flores, M.M., Nicoloso, F.T., Morsch, V.M. and Schetinger, M.R.C. (2006). Mercury toxicity induces oxidative stress in growing cucumber seedlings. Chemosph, 65; 999-1106.
Chandra, R. and & Kumar, V.(2017). Phytoextraction of heavy metals by potential native plants and their microscopic observation of root growing on stabilised distillery sludge as a prospective tool for in situ phytoremediation of industrial waste. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24; 2605–2619.
Chen, Z.,  Zhao, Y.,  Li, Q. and  Qiao J. et. al. (2009). Heavy metal contents and chemical speciations in sewage-irrigated soils from the eastern suburb of Beijing, China. Journal of food, agriculture & environment, 7(3-42); 690-695.
Choi, J.M, Pak, C.H. and Lee, C.W. (1996). Micronutrient toxicity in French marigold. J Plant Nutri, 19; 901-916.
Chu, S., Wu, D., Liang, L. L., Zhong, F., Hu, Y., Hu, X.,  Lai, C. and Zeng, S. (2017). Municipal sewage sludge compost promotes Mangifera persiciforma tree growth with no risk of heavy metal contamination of soil. Scientific Reports, 7; 13408. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13895-y.
Clarke, R., Peyton, D., Healy, M.G., Fenton, O., and Cummins, E. (2016). A quantitative risk assessment for metals in surface water following the application of biosolids to grassland. Sci. Total Environ, 566-567; 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.05.092.
 
Cocarta, D.M., Subtirelu, V. R. and Badea, A. (2017). Effect of sewage sludge application on wheat crop Productivity and heavy metal accumulation in soil and wheat grain. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 16(5); 1093-1100.
Cunningham, R.P. (1997). DNA repair: caretakers of the genome. Curr Biol, 7; 576-579.
Das, P., Samantaray, S. and Rout, G.R. (1997). Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. Environ Pollut, 98; 29-36.
De Filippis, L.F. and Ziegler, H., (1993). Effect of sublethal concentrations of zinc, cadmium and mercury on the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of Euglena. J Plant Physiol, 142; 167-172.
Ebrahem, M. E., Sulaiman, A. A.,  Ahmed, F. E.B.,  Khaled, F. F., Mostafa, A. T., Abd, E. L. H., Gamal, A. E S., and Mohamed, T. A. (2018). Evaluation of the potential of sewage sludge as a valuable fertilizer for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26; 392-401.
Ebbs, S.D. and Kochian, L.V. (1997). Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica species: implications for Phytoremediation. J Environ Qual, 26; 776-781.
Fernandes, J.C. and Henriques, F.S. (1991). Biochemical, physiological and structural effects of excess copper in plants. Bot Rev, 57; 247-273.
Fodor, A., Szabo-Nagy, A. Erdei, L. (1995). The effects of cadmium on the fluidity and H?-ATPase activity of plasma membrane from sunflower and wheat roots. J Plant Physiol, 14; 787-792.
Fontes, R.L.S. and Cox, F.R. (1998). Zinc toxicity in soybean grown at high iron concentration in nutrient solution. J Plant Nutri, 21; 1723-1730.
Gattullo, C. E., Mininni, M., Parente, A., Montesano, F. F., Allegretta, I. and Terzano, R. (2017). Effects of municipal solid waste- and sewage sludge-compost-based growing media on the yield and heavy metal content of four lettuce cultivars. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24; 25406–25415.
George, F. A. and Snyder, J. C. (2007). Accumulation of heavy metals in plants and potential phytoremediation of lead by potato, Solanum tuberosum L., J Environ. Sci Health Part A, 42(6); 811-816.
Głąb, T., Żabińskia, A., Sadowska, U., Gondek, K., Kopeć, M., Hersztek, M.M., Sylwester Tabor, S., and Tarkowska, J.S.(2020). Fertilization effects of compost produced from maize, sewage sludge and biochar on soil water retention and chemical properties. Soil & Tillage Research, 197; 104493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104493.
Gruenhage, L. and Jager, I.I.J. (1985). Effect of heavy metals on growth and heavy metals content of Allium Porrum and Pisum sativum. Angew Bot, 59; 11-28.
Guo, J., Dai, X., Xu, W. and Ma, M. (2008). Over expressing GSHI and AsPCSI simultaneously increases the tolerance and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chemosphere, 72; 1020-1026.
Han, F.X., Su, Y., Monts, D.L., Waggoner, A.C. and Plodinec, J.M. (2006). Binding distribution and plant uptake of mercury in a soil from Oak Ridge, Tennesse, USA. Sci Total Env, 368; 753-768.
Hawkes, J. S. (1997). Heavy metals. J Chem Edu, 74;1369-1374.
Hei, L., Lee, C.C., Wang, H., Lin, X.Y., Chen, X.H., and Wu, Q.T. (2016). Using a high biomass plant Pennisetum hydridum to phyto-treat fresh municipal sewage sludge. Bioresour. Technol, 217; 252–256.
Hernandez, L.E., Carpena-Ruiz, R. and Garate, A. (1996). Alterations in the mineral nutrition of pea seedlings exposed to cadmium. J Plant Nutr, 19; 1581-1598.
Hewilt, E.J. (1953). Metal inter-relationships in plant nutrition. J Exp Bot, 4; 59-64.
Huang, C.V., Bazzaz, F.A. and Venderhoef, L.N. (1974). The inhibition of soya bean metabolism by cadmium and lead. Plant Physiol, 34; 122-124.
Israr, M., Sahi, S., Datta, R. and Sarkar, D. (2006). Bioaccumulation and physiological effects of mercury in Sesbania drummonii. Chemosphere, 65; 591-598.
Jakubus, M. and Czekała, J. (2001).Heavy Metal Speciation in Sewage Sludge. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 10(4); 245-250.
Jarosław, G. and Barbara, G.  (2012). Mobility of heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge from different throughput sewage treatment plants. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 21(6); 1603-1611.
Juwarkar, A.S. and Shende, G.B.  (1986). Interaction of Cd-Pb effect on growth yield and content of Cd, Pb in barley. Ind J Environ Heal, 28; 235-243.
Kaji, T., Suzuki, M., Yamamoto, C., Mishima, A., Sakamoto, M. and Kozuka, H. (1995). Severe damage of cultured vascular endothelial cell monolayer after simultaneous exposure to cadmium and lead. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 28; 168-172.
Kamal, M., Ghaly, A.E., Mahmouda, N. and Cote, R. (2004). Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic plants. Environ Intern, 29(8); 1029-1039.
Kasprzak, K.S. (1995). Possible role of oxidative damage in metalinduced carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest, 13; 411-430.
Khan, S. and Khan, N.N. (1983). Influence of lead and cadmium on growth and nutrient concentration of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena). Plant Soil, 74; 387–394.
Kominko H., Gorazda K., and Wzorek Z. (2019). Potentiality of sewage sludge-based organo-mineral fertilizer production in Poland considering nutrient value, heavy metal content and phytotoxicity for rapeseed crops. Journal of Environmental Management; 248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109283.
Lee, C.W., Choi, J.M. and Pak, C.H. (1996). Micronutrient toxicity in seed geranium (Pelargonium 9 hortorum Baley). J Am Soc Horti Sci, 121; 77-82.
Liu, L., Wang, S., Guo, X. and Wang H. (2019).Comparison of the effects of different maturity composts on soil nutrient, plant growth and heavy metal mobility in the contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Management; 250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109525.
Liu, K., Li, C., Tang, S., Shang, G., Yu, F. and Li, Y.(2020). Heavy metal concentration, potential ecological risk assessment and enzyme activity in soils affected by a lead-zinc tailing spill in Guangxi, China. Chemosphere, 251.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126415.
Lixandru, B., Viorel, P., Elisabeta, P.L.,   Dragomir, N., Pricop, A., Mâşu, S., Morariu, F. and Popescu, D.  (2010). Research Regarding the Accumulation in Soybeans of Heavy Metals from Anaerobic Composted Sewage Sludge Used as Organic Fertilizer. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 43(2); 93-97.
Messer, R.L., Lockwood, P.E., Tseng, W.Y., Edwards, K., Shaw, M., Caughman, G.B., Lewis, J.B. and Wataha, J.C., (2005). Mercury (II) alters mitochondrial activity of monocytes at sublethal doses via oxidative stress mechanisms. J Biomed Mat Res B, 75; 257-263.
Miller, J.E., Hassete, J.J. and Koppe, D.E. (1975). Interaction of lead and cadmium of electron energy transfer reaction in corn mitochondria. Physiol Plant, 28; 166-171.
Misra, S.G. and Mani, D. (Eds.) (1991). Soil pollution. (New Delhi, India: Ashish Publishing House)
Mohanpuria, P., Rana, N.K. and Yadav, S.K. (2007). Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camella sinensis (L.). O Kuntze. Environ Toxicol, 22; 368-374.
Monu, A. Bala, K., Shweta, R., Anchal, R., Barinder, K. and  Neeraj, M. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111; 811-815.
Mukherji, S. and Maitra, P. (1976). Toxic effects of lead growth and metabolism of germinating rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds mitosis of onion (Allium cepa) root tip cells. Ind J Exp Biol, 14; 519-521.
Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D. and Sreekanth, T. V. M. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett, 8; 199-216.
Nahar, N. and Hossen, M. S. (2020). Influence of sewage sludge application on soil properties, carrot growth and heavy metal uptake. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1836201.
Paivoke, H. (1983). The short term effect of zinc on growth anatomy and acid phosphate activity of pea seedlings. Ann Bot, 20; 307-30.
Peplow, D. (1999). Environmental impacts of mining in Eastern Washington. Center for Water and Watershed studies fact sheet, University of Washington, Seattle.
Reeves, R.D. and Baker, A.J.M. (2000). Metal-accumulating plants. (In Raskin I. and Ensley B.D. (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment (pp. 193-229). New York: Wiley.)
Samara, E., Matsi, T. and Balidakis, A. (2017). Soil application of sewage sludge stabilized with steelmaking slag and its effect on soil properties and wheat growth. Waste Management, 68; 378-387.
Sanita, D.T.L. and Gabbrielli, R. (1999). Response to cadmium in higher plants.  Environ Exp Bot, 41; 105-130.
Sharma, P. and Dubey, R.S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol, 17; 35-52.
Sinha, S.K., Srinivastava, H.S. and Mishra, S.N.  (1988). Nitrate assimilation in intact and excised maize leaves in the presence of lead. Bull Environ Cont Toxi, 41; 419-422.
Sinha, S.K., Srinivastava, H.S. and Mishra, S.N. (1988). Effect of lead on nitrate reductase activity and nitrate assimilation in pea leaves. Bot Pollu, 57; 457-463.
Stadtman, E.R. (1993). Oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins by radiolysis and by metal-catalysed reactions. Annu Rev Biochem,  62; 797-821.
Stiborova, M., Pitrichova, M. and Brezinova, A. (1987). Effect of heavy metal ions in growth and biochemical characteristic of photosynthesis of barley and maize seedlings. Biol Plant, 29; 453-467.
Sudhakar, C., Symalabai, L. and Veeranjaveyuler, K. (1992). Lead tolerance of certain legume species grown on lead or tailing. Agri Eco Environ, 41; 253-261.
Tontti, T., Poutiainen, H., Heinonen-Tanski, H. (2017). Efficiently treated sewage sludge supplemented with nitrogen and potassium is a good fertilizer for cereals. Land Degrad. Dev, 28 (2), 742–751.
Wang, Y. and Greger, M. (2004). Clonal differences in mercury tolerance, accumulation, and distribution in willow. J Environ Qual, 33; 1779–1785.
Wojcik, M. and Tukiendorf, A. (2004). Phytochelatin synthesis and cadmium localization in wild type of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regul, 44; 71-80.
Wong, J.W.C. (1996). Heavy metal contents in vegetables and market garden soils in Hong Kong. Environ Technol, 17: 407-414.
Yamamoto, F. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1987). Effect of flooding, tilting of stem, and ethrel application on growth, stem anatomy, and ethylene production of Acer platanoides seedlings. Scand J For Res, 2; 141-156.
Zhang, H., Ma, G., Sun, K. and Li, H. (2017). Effect of alkaline material on phytotoxicity and bioavailability of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in stabilized sewage sludge. Environmental Technology, 39; 2168-2177.
Zhang, W.H. and Tyerman, S.D. (1999). Inhibition of water channels by HgCl2 in intact wheat root cells. Plant Physiol, 120; 849-857.
Zhou, D., Liu, D., Gao, F., Li, M. and Luo, X. (2017). Effects of Biochar-Derived Sewage Sludge on Heavy Metal Adsorption and Immobilization in Soils. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14(7); 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070681.
Zhou, Z.S., Huang, S.Q., Guo, K, Mehta, S.K., Zhang, P.C. and Yang, Z.M. (2007). Metabolic adaptations to mercury-induced oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa L. J Inorg Biochem, 101;1-9.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics