Physical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Typical Spring’s Mineral Water in the NW of Iran, Case studies Lighvan and Toptapan Springs Mineral Water

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Minerals and Water Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/poll.2022.344213.1498

Abstract

Lighvan hot spring and Toptapan mineral spring are located in the Eastern Azarbaijan, NW of Iran. The host rocks of Lighvan hot spring are dacite, andesite and Quaternary volcanic tuffs. Their main rock forming minerals are quartz, plagioclase, biotite and rarely amphibole. The host rocks of Toptapan mineral water spring are Cretaceous and Jurassic sandstone, shales and carbonate sedimentary rocks. Their main rock forming minerals are quartz, calcite, dolomite and clays. Due to the deposition of mineral water springs, travertine is the main Quaternary sediments around the springs. Water samples were collected from Toptapan mineral spring and Lighvan hot spring in July (dry season). The sampling method was according to standard methods for geochemical analysis. Field parameters such as PH, temperature, and EC were measured in situ, and samples were analyzed by ICP-OEC and ICP-MS in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Iran. The measuring data showed that pH varies between 6.1 to 6.4. The surface temperature varies from 20.1˚C to 32.8˚C. The concentration of anions and cations in the Piper diagram show calcic bicarbonate type for Toptapan mineral spring and sodic bicarbonate type for Lighvan hot spring respectively. According to Lunglier – Ludwig diagram, the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals is the most important factor in increasing calcic cation. The Cl-Li-B diagram shows that the dissolution of sodic minerals and clays and ionic exchange are also the most important factors for increasing sodium in these springs. These data are in agreement to the host rocks, their mineralogy and their chemical composition. Based on the Ca-Mg-K geothermometer diagram, the geothermal reservoir temperature for Lighvan hot spring is 95-100 ˚C with a depth of about 2Km and for Toptapan mineral spring is 65-85 ˚C with a depth of less than 1Km. Also, high concentrations of chlorine show a deep geothermal primary reservoir in the Lighvan hot spring. These geochemical data show that these cold and hot springs are not polluted and not harmful for environmental point of views.

Keywords

References

APHA. (2020). American Public Health Association. www.apha.org.
AquaChem 9. (2020). Groundwater software package. Waterloo Hydrologic. 
Boslik Z. (2011). Investigation of the origin and characteristics of Dalaki sulfur springs in Dashtestan city, Bushehr province, Master Thesis in Hydrology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. 224 p. (in Persian).
Deutsch W.J. (1997). Groundwater geochemistry: fundamentals and application to contamination. CRC, Boca Rat- on. Florida, 232p.
Esmaeili-Vardanjani M, Rasa I, Yazdi Mohammad, Pazand K. (2015). The hydrochemical assessment of groundwater resources in the Kadkan basin, Northeast of Iran. Carbonates Evaporates 5(2015): 1-15.
Gadirzadeh A, Anvari A, Sahandi MR. (2002). Azarshahr, geological quadrangle map, 1:100,000 scale. Geological Survey of Iran.
Giggenbach W.F. (1988). Geothermal solute equilibria, Derivation of Na-K-Ca-Mg geo-indicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52: 2749-2765.
Giggenbach W.F. (1991). Chemical techniques in geothermal exploration; Application of geochemistry in geothermal reservoir development, UNITAR/UNDP Center on Small Energy resources, Rome, pp.119- 142.
Giggenbach W.F. and Glover R.B. (1992). Tectonic regime and major processes governing the chemistry of water gas discharges from the Rotorua Geothermal Field, New Zealand. Geothermics 21: 121-140.
Han D.M., Liang X., Jin M.G., Currell M.J., Song X.F. and Liu C.M. (2010). Evaluation of hydro-chemical characteristics and mixing behavior in the Daying and Qicun geothermal systems, Xinzhou Basin. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 189: 92–104.
Hem J.D. (1989). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water, 3rd ed. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 2254. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington, pp. 263
Jalali, M. (2006). Chemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of mountainous region, Alvand, Hamadan, Iran. Environmental Geology 51: 433- 446.
Jeelani GH. Bhat A.N. Shivanna K. Bhat M.Y. (2011). Geochemical characterization of surface water and spring water in SE Kashmir Valley, western Himalaya: Implications to water–rock interaction. Journal of earth system science, 120(5): 921-932.
Khodabandeh AA, Amini-Fazl, A, Eftekharnezhad J. (1995). Osku, geological quadrangle map, 1:100,000 scale. Geological Survey of Iran.
Kipng’ok J. and Kanda I. (2011). Introduction to Geochemical Mapping, Presented at Short Course VI on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP. GDC and Ken Gen, at Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Oct, 27.
Langelier W. and Ludwig H. (1942). Graphical methods for indicating the mineral character of natural waters: J. Am. Water Ass., 34, p. 335-352.
Langmuir D. (1997). Aqueous environmental. Geochemistry Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 600.
Mehdipour Ghazi J. and Moazzen M. (2015). Geodynamic evolution of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Zagros Orogen. Iran,Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 24(5).
Merkel B. J., B. Planer-Friedrich. (2008). Groundwater geochemistry: a practical guide to modeling of natural and contaminated aquatic systems. Springer, 2nd ed., 191p.
Mohajjel M, Taghipour K. (2014). Quaternary travertine ridges in the Lake Urmia area: active extension in NW Iran. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23:602–614.
Moghimi H. (2006). Hydro-geochemistry. Payame Noor University Press, 218 pp, (in Persian).
Mohammadi, F. (2016). The geochemical features and environmental effects of Lighvan hot spring (Tabriz-East Azarbaijan) and the affected area. M.Sc. thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. P 264.
Muhwezi D.K. (2009). The Potential Relationship of Some Geothermal Fields in Uganda. Reports, Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur, 9.
Nabavi M.H. (1976). An introduction to the geology of Iran. Geological survey of Iran, p. 109.
Nik Peyman Y., Mohammad Yazdi, O. Tahmasi, P. Navi. (2019). The hydrogeochemical assessment of hot springs in Mahallat region, central Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol.78, pp.597-605.
O’Brien J.M. (2010). Hydro geochemical Characteristics of the Ngatamariki Geothermal Field and a Comparison with the Orakei Korako Thermal Area, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Master of Science in Geology, 68p.
Piper A.M. (1944). A Graphical Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of Water Analysis. Transaction of American, Geophysical Union 25: 913- 923.
Phreeqc software. (2021). Geochemical modeling program developed by the US Geological Survey, version3.
Shahrabi M. (1994). Explanatory text of the Urumiyeh quadrangle map. 1:250,000 scale. Geological Survey of Iran.
Shamohammadi S. (2015). The application of sand to remove Mn2+. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 44: 51- 62.
Yazdi M. (2013). Analytical methods for geochemical samples. Academic center of education research (SID), pp 182, (In Persian).
Yazdi M., Hassanvand M., Tamasian O. and Navi P. (2016). Hydrogeochemical characteristics of Mahallat hot springs, central Iran. Journal of Tethys 4(2): 169-179. 
Yazdi M., Farajpour G., Hasanvand M. and Navi P. (2018). Hydrogeochemistry of Isti Su hot spring, Western Azerbaijan, Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites 33(4): 861-867.
Yousefi H, Noorollahi Y, Ehara S, Itoi R, Yousefi A, Fujimitsu Y, Nishijima J, Sasaki K. (2010). Developing the geothermal resources map of Iran. Geothermics, 39: 140- 151.
 Zorratipour M.,   Zarei H., Sharifi M. R., Radmanesh F. (2021). Hydrological Simulation of Bakhtegan Basin in Iran. Using the SWAT Model.Irrigation Sciences and Engineering (JISE) Vol. 44, No. 2, Summer 2021, p. 39-51. 
Pollution
Volume 9, Issue 1
January 2023
Pages 169-182

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics