Histomorphometry of Liver and some Blood Factors of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Exposed to Different Concentrations of Ammonia

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran

Abstract

Most tilapias are microphytes, but some prefer higher plants. Ammonia is one of the most important toxic compounds of nitrogen, which is a serious problem in the environment and aquaculture industry. In the present study, juvenile Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to 10, 20, and 30% (96h LC50) of ammonia for two weeks, which are equivalent to 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 mg / l, respectively. After this period, the fish were anesthetized and blood samples were taken from the caudal stalk with a heparin syringe for evaluating blood indicators. The tissue samples were taken 0.5 cm from the liver, fixed in 10% formalin buffer, and after dehydration with alcohol, clarification with xylol, blocking with paraffin, and cutting 4-6 microns thick with microtome were done. Finally, the stained slides were studied with a light microscope. The results showed phenomena such as hyperemia, nuclear hypertrophy, sinusoidal dilatation, increased melanomacrophage centers, nucleus margination, hepatocyte vacuolation, and cell necrosis in the liver. In the studies of blood serum factors with the increase of ammonia, it has been increased in  AST, ALT, and ALP compared to the control and other groups. Also, as the ammonia concentration increased, the severity of the lesions also increased. Therefore, ammonia causes changes in the structure and activity of metabolic enzymes of the liver, which must be controlled by creating the appropriate ammonia and management conditions in the aquatic environment.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abdelghany, A. (2020). Food & feeding habits of Nile tilapia from the Nile River at Cairo, Egypt. Fish Farming Technology, 447-54.
Amiripour, L., Abdi, R., Movahedinia, A. & Sahraian, MR. (2015). Study of Liver & Intestine Tissue Structure in Orange Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) During Larval Development. Journal of Oceanography, 6(23), 87-92. 
Basir, Z. & Abdi, R. (2016). Histological study of WBC & hematological indices of spotted catshark Chiloscyllium punctatum in Persian Gulf during the cold season. Journal of Marine Science & Technology, 14(4), 15-21.
Becke, C., Schumann, M. & Steinhagen, D. (2019). Effects of unionized ammonia & suspended solids on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 499, 348-57.
Dastan, V., Abdi, R., Movahedinia, A. & Aalari-Aliabadi, MA. (2017). Study of gill & kidney tissue changes in Tenualosa ilisha during migration from sea to the Karun & Bahmanshir rivers. Iranian  Journal of Fisheries Science, 25(4), 53-62.
El-Sayed, Y.S. & Saad, T.T. (2008). Subacute Intoxication of a Deltamethrin‐Based Preparation (Butox® 5% EC) in Monosex Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Basic Clinical.. Pharmacology Toxicology, 102(3), 293-299.
Gammerdinger, W.J., Conte, M.A. & Baroiller, J.F. (2016).  Comparative analysis of a sex chromosome from the blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron. BMC genomics, 17(1),1-10. 
Gao, X.Q., Fei, F. & Huo, H.H. (2020). Effect of acute exposure to nitrite on physiological parameters, oxidative stress, & apoptosis in Takifugu rubripes. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety,188, 109878.
Guo, H,, Lin, W. & Wu, X. (2020). Survival strategies of wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juveniles for chronic ammonia exposure: Antioxidant defense & the synthesis of urea & glutamine. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology C Toxicology Pharmacoogyl, 230, 108707.
Hasanzadeh, S., Abdi, R., Salari- Aliabadi, M.A., Movahedinia, A. & Basir, Z. (2018). Comparative histomorphology of esophagus & intestine in two carnivorous & phytoplankton feeder fish of Persian Gulf. Journal of Animal Environment, 10(4), 381-388.
Jeney, G., Nemcsok, J. & Jeney, Z. (1992). Acute effect of sublethal ammonia concentrations on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). II. Effect of ammonia on blood plasma transaminases (GOT, GPT), G1DH enzyme activity, & ATP value. Aquaculture,104(1-2), 149-156. 
Kakkar, P.H., Saxena, R. & Rathee, N. (2011). Water soluble fraction of diesel fuel induced histopathological alterations in the liver of Channa punctatus. Toxicology International, 18(1),14-16.
Kim, J.H., Kang, Y.J. & Kim, K.I. (2019). Toxic effects of nitrogenous compounds (ammonia, nitrite, & nitrate) on acute toxicity & antioxidant responses of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Environment Toxicology Pharmacology, 67, 73-78.
Latif, A., Khalid, M. & Ali, M. (2014). Evaluation of toxic stress of copper sulfate & lead nitrate on hematological & serum biochemical characteristics of freshwater cyprinid (Labeo rohita). International Journal of Engineering & Techniques, 4(1), 366-372.
Moallem, Z., Abdi, R., Movahedinia, A., Shirali, S. & Salati, A. P. (2015). Gonad histology & gonadosomatic index variations during gonadal development of wild female Tenualosa ilisha. Journal of the Persian Gulf, 6(19), 53-58.
Metwally, M. & Wafeek, M. (2014). Effect of ammonia toxicity on carbohydrate metabolism in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of Fish & Marine Sciences, 6 (3), 252-261.
Mohamed, M., Abdi, R., Ronagh, MT., Salari- Aliabadi, MA. & Basir, Z. (2021). Comparative histomorphology of epidermis of head & caudal peduncle in Otolithes ruber, Huso huso & Pangasius hypophthalmus fish. Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 7(1), 10-20. 
Mohamed, M., Abdi, R., Ronagh, MT., Salari- Aliabadi, MA. & Basir, Z. (2020). Comparative histomorphometry of dorsal, ventral, & lateral skin in macroscopy, microscopy & free scale fish. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 16(2), 47-53. 
Moradkhani, A., Abdi, R., Salari-Aliabadi, M.A., Nabavi, S. & Basir, Z. (2020). Quantification & description of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in, Shabbat, Arabibarbus grypus (actinopterygii: cypriniformes: cyprinidae), in warm & cold season. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 50(4), 423-432. 
Morovvati, H., Abdi, R. & Shamsi, M.M. (2017). Effect of different salinity concentration on gill of benni Barbus sharpeyi. Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(2), 55-61.
Morovvati, H., Zolgharnein, H., Noori Moghahi, M.H., Abdi, R. & Ghazilou, A. (2012). Alterations to chloride cells of the secondary lamella & gill branches of spotted scat (Scatophagus argus L.) in different salinities. Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(2), 109-17.
Morovvati, H., Nikpour, Y., Zolgharneine, H., Ronagh, M., Abdi, R. & Roshan, A. (2012). Histological changes in the liver of reared spotted scat (Scatophagus argus L.) after exposure to mercury. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21, 745-753.
Pourkhadje, M., Abdi, R., Zolgharnein, H., Hoseinzade Sahafi, H. & Morovvati, H. (2014).  Effects of different salinity on number & area of chloride cells in gill of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science, 23(2), 1-10.
Rahmati, M., Morovvati, H. & Abdi, R. (2022). Histomorphometric analysis of skin & stress indices of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to different concentrations of ammonia. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(3), 288-297.
Rahmati, M., Morovvati, H. & Abdi, R. (2022). Histomorphometric analysis of gills in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to different concentrations of ammonia. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 18(1), 63-70. 
Roshanfekr, K., Abdi, R., Salari- Aliabadi, MA. & Basir, Z. (2017). The Impact of Spent Mushroom Compost & Fertilizer on Esophagus Histological Indices of Some Cultured Warm Water Species. Journal of Animal Biology, 10 (1), 23-33. 
Roshanfekr, K.h., Abdi R., Salari-Aliabadi M.A. & Basir Z. (2018). The impact of spent mushroom compost & fertilizer on changes of intestinal tissue of cultured warm water species. Journal of Animal Physiology Development, 4(32), 11-25.
Savari, S., Safahieh, A., Archangi, B., Savari, A. & Abdi, R. (2020). The histopathological effect of methylmercury on the brain in orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in Zangi Creek & laboratory. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 19(1), 457-470.
Savari, S., Safahieh, A., Archangi, B., Savari, A. & Abdi, R. (2016). Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase transcript level as a biomarker of methylmercury in orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) brain. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15(2), 898-912.
Wang, Y. & Walsh, P.J. (2000). High ammonia tolerance in fishes of the family Batrachoididae (Toadfish & Midshipmen). Aquatic. Toxicology, 50(3), 205-219.
Wood, C.M., de Souza Netto, J.G. & Wilson, J.M. (2017). Nitrogen metabolism in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a neotropical model teleost: hypoxia, temperature, exercise, feeding, fasting, & high environmental ammonia. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 187(1), 135-151.
Xu, Z., Cao, J. & Qin, X. (2021). Toxic Effects on Bioaccumulation, Hematological Parameters, Oxidative Stress, Immune Responses, & Tissue Structure in Fish Exposed to Ammonia Nitrogen: A Review. Animals, 11(11), 3304. 
Zeitoun, M.M., EL-Azrak, K. & Zaki, M.A. (2016).  Effects of ammonia toxicity on growth performance, cortisol, glucose, & the hematological response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 1(1), 21-8.
Pollution
Volume 9, Issue 3
July 2023
Pages 1225-1235

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics