Characterization and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter in Manesar, Gurugram

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Applied and Basic Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India

2 Department of Environmental Science, GL Bajaj college, Varindavan, India

Abstract

This study provides insights into the ambient particulate matter (PM) concentration, chemical characterization, source apportionment, and associated heavy metals in Manesar, Gurugram. It is a rapidly growing industrial hub, experiencing severe air pollution. This highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive study to analyze ambient PM at the study site. Therefore, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) samples were collected on glass fiber filters over two years, excluding the monsoon season. The sampling was conducted from October 2022 to April 2023 and October 2023 to April 2024. Heavy metals were quantified using ICP-MS (Agilent 7800). The average concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 during the study period were 180.98 μg/m³ and 107.25 μg/m³, respectively, exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). A substantial seasonal variation was observed, with peak concentrations occurring in the post-monsoon season followed by winter. Among the analyzed heavy metals, Fe (10.89 μg/m³) exhibited the highest average concentration, followed by Mn (0.283 μg/m³). Seasonal variation was also evident in heavy metal concentrations, with maxima in post-monsoon, and followed by winter. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis classified nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) as less enriched, while lead (Pb) was highly enriched. Further, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Particulate matter, revealed that vehicles and industrial emissions were the primary sources of the heavy metals in the ambient air of study area. These findings highlight the necessity to implement the strategies for controlling vehicular and industrial emission to reduce the PM concentration.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Ahumada, HT., Whitehead, L., & Blanco, S. (2007). Personal exposure to PM2.5 and element composition—a comparison between outdoor and indoor workers from two Mexican cities. Atmospheric Environment, 41(35), 7401-7413.
Al-Momani, I. F., Daradkeh, A. S., Haj-Hussein, A. T., Yousef, Y. A., Jaradat, Q. M., & Momani, K. A. (2005). Trace elements in daily collected aerosols in Al-Hashimya, central Jordan. Atmospheric Research, 73(1-2), 87-100.
Amato, F., Querol, X., Johansson, C., Nagl, C., & Alastuey, A. (2010). A review on the effectiveness of street sweeping, washing and dust suppressants as urban PM control methods. Science of the total environment, 408(16), 3070-3084.
Arditsoglou, A., & Samara, C. (2005). Levels of total suspended particulate matter and major trace elements in Kosovo: a source identification and apportionment study. Chemosphere, 59(5), 669-678.
Aziz, Z. S., Jazza, S. H., Dageem, H. N., Banoon, S. R., Balboul, B. A., & Abdelzaher, M. A. (2024). Bacterial biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil for pollutant abatement contributing to achieve sustainable development goals: A comprehensive review. Results in Engineering, 102083.
Bano, S., Ali, R., & Khan, A. (2018). The relationship between air pollution and public health in urban centers. Environmental Science and Policy, 45(2), 234-245.
Basha, J. S., & Anand, R. B. (2014). Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using Carbon Nanotubes blended Jatropha Methyl Ester Emulsions. Alexandria engineering journal, 53(2), 259-273.
Cattaneo, A., Rossi, M., & Bianchi, F. (2023). Air pollution and its effects on public health: A global perspective. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(5), 1273-1285.
Cetin, B., Yatkin, S., Bayram, A., & Odabasi, M. (2007). Ambient concentrations and source apportionment of PCBs and trace elements around an industrial area in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere, 69(8), 1267-1277.
Chakraborty, A., & Gupta, T. (2009). Chemical characterization of submicron aerosol in Kanpur region: a source apportionment study. Int. J. Env. Ac. Eng, 1, 19-27.
Chaudhary, A., Prakash, C., Sharma, S. K., Mor, S., Ravindra, K., & Krishnan, P. (2023). Health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM2. 5 and PM10) during winter crop at the agricultural site of Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(11), 1297.
Chen, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Air Quality and PM10 Trends in Beijing: A Decade of Improvement and Challenges. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 14(1), 135–142.
Chen, R., Kan, H., Chen, B., Huang, W., Bai, Z., Song, G., & Pan, G. (2012). Association of particulate air pollution with daily mortality: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study. American journal of epidemiology, 175(11), 1173-1181
Cheng, W., Shen, Y., Zhu, Y., & Huang, L. (2018, April). A neural attention model for urban air quality inference: Learning the weights of monitoring stations. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 32, No. 1).
De Gennaro, G., Dambruoso, P. R., Di Gilio, A., Palmisani, J., Tutino, M., & Marzocca, A. (2018). Heavy metals size distribution in PM₁₀ and environmental-sanitary risk assessment in Acerra (Italy). Atmosphere, 9(2), 58.
Devi, P., & Saha, A. (2024). The Gurugram-Manesar urban complex: Processes, problems and prospects of de-centralization from Delhi. Transactions, 46(2), 215.
Doe, J., Smith, A., & Lee, B. (2021). Advances in principal component analysis for large-scale data. Journal of Data Science, 15(3), 234-250.
DTCP- STP (E&V)- 2010/1650, Govt. of Haryana.
Giri, A., & SM, S. N. (2023). Spatio-temporal exposure assessment of particulate matter pollution in auto-rickshaw drivers in Chennai, India. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 14(12), 101933. 
Guo, P., Umarova, A. B., & Luan, Y. (2020). The spatiotemporal characteristics of the air pollutants in China from 2015 to 2019. PLoS One, 15(8), e0227469.
Gupta, L., Bansal, M., Nandi, P., Habib, G., & Raman, R. S. (2022). Source apportionment and potential source regions of size-resolved particulate matter at a heavily polluted industrial city in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Atmospheric Environment, 298, 119614.
Gupta, R., Somanathan, E., & Dey, S. (2017). Global warming and local air pollution have reduced wheat yields in India. Climatic change, 140(3), 593-604.
Gupta, S. K., Gupta, S. C., Agarwal, R., Sushma, S., Agrawal, S. S., & Saxena, R. (2007). A multicentric case-control study on the impact of air pollution on eyes in a metropolitan city of India. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 11(1), 37-40.
Hafner, H. R., Wheeler, N. J., & Roberts, P. T. (2004). ANALYSIS OF AIR TOXICS MONITORING DATA WORK PLAN.
Haryana Govt Gazette, No. 55-2019/Ext.] 2019 (CHAITRA 7, 1940 SAKA).
http://cpcb.nic.in/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards.php
Huang, R. J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Han, Y., ... & Prévôt, A. S. (2014). High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature, 514(7521), 218-222.
Javed, W. A. S. I. M., Murtaza, G. H. U. L. A. M., & Ahmad, H. R. (2015). A GIS based study on air quality assessment along the roadside environment in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pollution Research, 34(1), 1-7.
Jeong, J. I., Seo, J., & Park, R. J. (2022). Compromised Improvement of Poor Visibility Due to PM Chemical Composition Changes in South Korea. Remote Sensing, 14(21), 5310.
Jia, Y., Lin, Z., He, Z., Li, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., ... & Chen, S. (2023). Effect of air pollution on heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 131(7), 076001.
Jones, T., & Brown, L. (2018). New insights into data visualization techniques. Data Analysis Review, 12(4), 45-60.
Kalaiarasan, G., Balakrishnan, R. M., Sethunath, N. A., & Manoharan, S. (2018). Source apportionment studies on particulate matter (PM10 and PM2. 5) in ambient air of urban Mangalore, India. Journal of environmental management, 217, 815-824. 
Kalluri, A., Patel, R., & Singh, M. (2022). Assessing the effects of air pollution on urban health outcomes. Environmental Science and Public Health, 48(3), 1234-1247.
Karar, K., & Gupta, A. K. (2006). Seasonal variations and chemical characterization of ambient PM10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Atmospheric research, 81(1), 36-53.
Khan, J., Kakosimos, K., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Brandt, J., Jensen, S. S., Ellermann, T., & Ketzel, M. (2019). Development and performance evaluation of new AirGIS–a GIS based air pollution and human exposure modelling system. Atmospheric environment, 198, 102-121.
Khare, P., & Baruah, B. P. (2010). Elemental characterization and source identification of PM2. 5 using multivariate analysis at the suburban site of North-East India. Atmospheric Research, 98(1), 148-162.
Kloepfer, M., White, J., & Zhang, H. (2023). Exploring the effects of urban air pollution on climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 58(2), 234-245.
Kumar, M., Yadav, S., & Verma, P. (2021). The impact of urbanization on PM₁₀ levels: A case study of Ghaziabad. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 52(6), 1345-1355.
Kumar, S., Gupta, S., & Singh, A. (2023). Seasonal Variation of PM2.5 and Its Implications on Human Health in Delhi. Environmental Pollution and Health, 5(3), 155-163.
Kumari, S., Jain, M. K., & Elumalai, S. P. (2021). Assessment of pollution and health risks of heavy metals in particulate matter and road dust along the road network of Dhanbad, India. Journal of Health and Pollution, 11(29), 210305.
Kulshrestha, A., Satsangi, P. G., Masih, J., & Taneja, A. (2009). Metal concentration of PM2. 5 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra, India. Science of the Total Environment, 407(24), 6196-6204.
Lalchandani, V., Kumar, V., Tobler, A., Thamban, N. M., Mishra, S., Slowik, J. G., ... & Tripathi, S. N. (2021). Real-time characterization and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the Delhi megacity area during late winter. Science of the total environment, 770, 145324. 
Lee, S. L., Wong, W. H. S., & Lau, Y. L. (2006). Association between air pollution and asthma admission among children in Hong Kong. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 36(9), 1138-1146.
Lee, J., Kim, S., & Park, H. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal sources in urban air using enrichment factor analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 246, 118099.
Li, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023). The impact of air pollution on cardiovascular health in urban populations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 131(4), 408-417.
Lide, D. R. (Ed.). (2004). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics (Vol. 85). CRC press.
Lim, Y. H., Kim, H., Kim, J. H., Bae, S., Park, H. Y., & Hong, Y. C. (2012). Air pollution and symptoms of depression in elderly adults. Environmental health perspectives, 120(7), 1023-1028.
Liu, C., Chan, K. H., Lv, J., Lam, H., Newell, K., Meng, X., ... & China Kadorrie Biobank Collaborative Group. (2022). Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and incidence of major cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study of 0.5 million adults in China. Environmental science & technology, 56(18), 13200-13211.
Lough, G. C., Schauer, J. J., Park, J. S., Shafer, M. M., DeMinter, J. T., & Weinstein, J. P. (2005). Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways. Environmental science & technology, 39(3), 826-836.
Magas, O.K., Gunter, J.T., Regens, J.L., 2007. Ambient air pollution and daily pediatric hospitalizations for asthma. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 14, 19-23.
NAAQS, 2009. National Ambient Air Quality Standard, India, prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board on 18 November, 2009. 
Owoade, O., & Okedeyi, T. (2023). Assessment of PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations in Lagos, Nigeria: Influence of Dust and Vehicular Emissions. Environmental Pollution, 8(4), 342-351.
Padoan, E., Romè, C., & Ajmone-Marsan, F. (2017). Bioaccessibility and size distribution of metals in road dust and roadside soils along a peri-urban transect. Science of the Total Environment, 601, 89-98.
Pandey, B., Agrawal, M., & Singh, S. (2014). Coal mining activities change plant community structure due to air pollution and soil degradation. Ecotoxicology, 23, 1474-1483.
Park, E. J., Kim, D. S., & Park, K. (2008). Monitoring of ambient particles and heavy metals in a residential area of Seoul, Korea. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 137, 441-449.
Park, S.S., Kim, Y.J., 2005. Source contributions to fine particulate matter in an urban atmosphere. Chemosphere, 59, 217-226.
Park, Y. H., Lee, M. H., & Choi, Y. J. (2014). A study on characteristics of atmospheric heavy metals in subway stations in Seoul, Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(13), 8232-8239.
Patel, M., & Soni, V. (2022). Long-Term Trends of PM10 Concentrations in Indian Cities: A Review and Analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 310, 114802.
Patel, R., Singh, V., & Kumar, A. (2019). Seasonal variations in air pollutant concentrations across major Indian cities. Environmental Research Letters, 14(5), 112-126.
Patil, D. C., Venkateswarlu, K., Kori, S. A., Das, G., Das, M., Alhajeri, S. N., & Langdon, T. G. (2014, August). Mechanical property evaluation of an Al-2024 alloy subjected to HPT processing. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 63, No. 1, p. 012085). IOP Publishing.
Pervez, R., Khan, M., & Ali, S. (2019). Air pollution and its effect on human health in urban areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(8), 690-698.
Prodi, F., Belosi, F., Contini, D., Santachiara, G., Di Matteo, L. O. R. E. N. Z. A., Gambaro, A., ... & Cesari, D. (2009). Aerosol fine fraction in the Venice Lagoon: particle composition and sources. Atmospheric Research, 92(2), 141-150.
Puthussery, J. V., Dave, J., Shukla, A., Gaddamidi, S., Singh, A., Vats, P., ... & Verma, V. (2022). Effect of biomass burning, diwali fireworks, and polluted fog events on the oxidative potential of fine ambient particulate matter in Delhi, India. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(20), 14605-14616
Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., de la Rosa, J., de la Campa, A.S., Artinano, B., Salvador, P., Dos Santos, S.G., Fernandez-Patier, R., Moreno-Grau, S., Negral, L., Minguillon, M.C., Monfort, E., Gil, J.I., Inza, A., Ortega, L.A., Santamaria, J.M., Zabalza, J., 2007. Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7219-7231.
Reddington, C. L., Conibear, L., Robinson, S., Knote, C., Arnold, S. R., & Spracklen, D. V. (2021). Air pollution from forest and vegetation fires in Southeast Asia disproportionately impacts the poor. GeoHealth, 5(9), e2021GH000418.
Roy, A., Bhattacharya, T., & Kumari, M. (2020). Air pollution tolerance, metal accumulation and dust capturing capacity of common tropical trees in commercial and industrial sites. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137622.
Sakunkoo, P., Thonglua, T., Sangkham, S., Jirapornkul, C., Limmongkon, Y., Daduang, S., ... & Pimonsree, S. (2022). Human health risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand. Heliyon, 8(6).
Shah, M. H. (2009). Atmospheric particulate matter: trace metals and size fractionation. VDM Publishing.
Shah, M.H., Shaheen, N., Jaffar, M., Khalique, A., Tariq, S.R., Manzoor, S., 2006. Spatial variations in selected metal contents and particle size distribution in an urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Management 78, 128-137.
Shang, X., Wang, S., Zhang, R., Yuan, M., Xu, Y., & Ying, Q. (2024). Variations of the source-specific health risks from elements in PM2. 5 from 2018 to 2021 in a Chinese megacity. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 15(5), 102092.
Sharma, P., & Gupta, R. (2020). Climate impact on air quality: A study of seasonal patterns in urban India. Atmospheric Pollution Journal, 22(8), 455-468.
Sharma, R., & Ranjan, P. (2023). Air Quality Assessment and Temporal Variations in PM10 Concentration: A Study of Indian Metropolitan Cities. Atmospheric Environment, 268, 118829.
Sharma, S., & Sharma, P. (2020). Study of heavy metal analysis, concentration, and correlation of particulate matter. Environmental Pollution Research, 37(8), 5300-5311.
Shi, L., Steenland, K., Li, H., Liu, P., Zhang, Y., Lyles, R. H., ... & Schwartz, J. (2021). A national cohort study (2000–2018) of long-term air pollution exposure and incident dementia in older adults in the United States. Nature communications, 12(1), 6754.
Singh, A. K., Kumar, M., Bauddh, K., Singh, A., Singh, P., Madhav, S., & Shukla, S. K. (2023). Environmental impacts of air pollution and its abatement by plant species: A comprehensive review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(33), 79587-79616.
Singh, A., Sharma, P., & Gupta, R. (2020). Air quality and PM₁₀ concentrations in major Indian cities. Environmental Pollution Journal, 45(3), 245-257.
Sinha, R., & Banerjee, P. (1997). Air pollution and its impact on urban health in India. Environmental Research, 34(3), 145-158.
Stevens, J. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (Vol. 4). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Suman, P., Pal, A. K., & Singh, G. (2007). Assessment of air quality status in Angul-Talcher coal mining area in Orissa. In Proc. Intl. Conf. MSECCMI (pp. 577-589).
Suryawanshi, P. V., Rajaram, B. S., Bhanarkar, A. D., & Chalapati Rao, C. V. (2016). Determining heavy metal contamination of road dust in Delhi, India. Atmósfera, 29(3), 221-234.
Taha, H., & Al-Bayati, M. (2022). Air Quality and PM10 Pollution Levels in Cairo: Impacts of Traffic and Desert Dust. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(4), 1182-1190.
Tasdemir, Y., Kural, C., Cindoruk, S. S., & Vardar, N. (2006). Assessment of trace element concentrations and their estimated dry deposition fluxes in an urban atmosphere. Atmospheric Research, 81(1), 17-35.
Tian, Y., Xiang, X., Juan, J., Sun, K., Song, J., Cao, Y., & Hu, Y. (2017). Fine particulate air pollution and hospital visits for asthma in Beijing, China. Environmental pollution, 230, 227-233.
Tripathee, L., Guo, J., Kang, S., Paudyal, R., Huang, J., Sharma, C. M., ... & Sigdel, M. (2019). Spatial and temporal distribution of total mercury in atmospheric wet precipitation at four sites from the Nepal-Himalayas. Science of the Total Environment, 655, 1207-1217.
Truong, M. T., Nguyen, L. S. P., Hien, T. T., Pham, T. D. H., & Do, T. T. L. (2022). Source apportionment and risk estimation of heavy metals in PM₁₀ at a southern Vietnam megacity. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22(8), 220094.
Wang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2022). The effects of urban air pollution on respiratory health: A comprehensive review. Environmental Research, 188, 105456.
Watson, G. L. (2022). Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment. Machine Learning in Chemical Safety and Health: Fundamentals with Applications, 251-265.
Wild, P., Bourgkard, E., & Paris, C. (2009). Lung cancer and exposure to metals: the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Epidemiology: Modifiable Factors, 139-167.
World Health Organization. (2006). Air quality guidelines: global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization..
Wu, T., Ma, Y., Wu, X., Bai, M., Peng, Y., Cai, W., ... & Zhang, Z. (2019). Association between particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality in Lanzhou, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15262-15272.
Verma, A., Joshi, S., & Sharma, S. (2021). The influence of climatic seasons on air quality in Indian metropolitan areas. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(4), 230-245.
Yadav, R., Sahu, L. K., Beig, G., & Jaaffrey, S. N. A. (2016). Role of long-range transport and local meteorology in seasonal variation of surface ozone and its precursors at an urban site in India. Atmospheric Research, 176, 96-107.
Yuan, Y., Sharpe, R., He, K., Li, C., Saray, M. T., Liu, T., ... & Lu, J. (2022). Understanding intercalation chemistry for sustainable aqueous zinc–manganese dioxide batteries. Nature Sustainability, 5(10), 890-898.
Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2022). Natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in particulate matter: A case study. Environmental Research, 214, 113947.
Zhang, X., Li, M., & Wang, J. (2023). The impact of particulate matter on respiratory health in metropolitan areas. Journal of Air Quality and Health, 52(6), 987-1001.
Zhao, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, Z. (2023). The impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in urban areas. Journal of Environmental Health, 92(7), 1345-1357.
Zhou, M., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Kuang, X., Xu, X., & Kan, H. (2014). Particulate air pollution and mortality in a cohort of Chinese men. Environmental Pollution, 186, 1-6.