Influence of In-Situ Scaling on Variability of Polluted Soil Erodibility Parameters

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University Baghdad 10047, Iraq

2 Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University Baghdad 10047, Iraq

Abstract

Middle and southern Iraq suffers from polluted soils due to crude oil, spilled on land, leakage from transmitting pipe networks, or petroleum products from refineries. Many researchers have studied pollution impacts on the soil in details, but there is a clear lack of investigation on the influence of crude oil on soil erodibility. Recent researches have investigated the influence of pollution on erodibility parameters, which include critical shear stress (τc) and detachment factor (dc). The variability of dc and τc due to different in-situ scaling has not been thoroughly established for polluted and unpolluted soils. Thus this research aims at investigating the influence of different in-situ scaling ratios (1:1, 1:30, and 1:50) on variability of dc and τc for polluted and unpolluted soils under controlled laboratory conditions, using Jet Erosion Test (JET), and tries to compare the three solution techniques (namely, Blaisdell’s approach, depth scour approach, and iterative approach) to solve dc and τc from JETs for polluted and unpolluted soils. The polluted soil samples have been prepared by submerging the soil surface with crude oil for 24 hours prior to testing. Results show that there have been statistical differences in dc and τc between polluted and unpolluted soil samples on the dry side of water contents with no statistically significant difference of measured dc and τc being observed across different in-situ scale ratios for polluted and unpolluted soils. All told, the study shows less variability of measured dc and τc across different solution techniques, compared to previous study findings.

Keywords


Abbas, M. N., Al-Madhhachi, A. T. and Esmael, S. A. (2018). Quantifying Soil Erodibility Parameters Due to Wastewater Chemicals. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology (under press).
Al-Madhhachi, A. T. (2017). Variability in soil erodibility parameters of Tigris Riverbanks using linear and non-linear models. Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences, 20(4); 959-969.
Al-Madhhachi, A. T., Hanson, G., Fox, G., Tyagi, A. and Bulut, R. (2013a). Measuring soil erodibility using a laboratory “mini” JET. Trans. ASABE, 56(3); 901-910.
Al-Madhhachi, A. T., Hanson, G., Fox, G., Tyagi, A. and Bulut, R. (2013b). Deriving parameters of a fundamental detachment model for cohesive soils from flume and jet erosion tests. Trans. ASABE, 56(2); 489-504.
ASTM Standards. (2006). Section 4: Construction. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards. (Philadelphia, Pa: ASTM).
Blaisdell, F. W., Clayton, L. A. and Hebaus, C. G. (1981). Ultimate dimension of local scour. J. Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 107(3); 327-337.
Briaud, J. L., Ting, C. K., Chen, H. C., Han, S. W. and Kwak, K. W. (2001). Erosion function apparatus for scour rate predictions.  J. Geotech. and Geoenviron. Eng. Division, ASCE, 127(2); 105-113.
Daly, E., Fox, G., Al-Madhhachi, A. and Miller, R. (2013). A scour depth approach for deriving erodibility parameters from Jet Erosion Tests. Trans. ASABE, 56(6); 1343-1351.
Daly, E., Fox, G., Enlow, H. and Storm, D. (2015a). Site‐scale variability of streambank fluvial erodibility parameters as measured with a jet erosion test. Hydro.  Processes, 29(26); 5451–5464.
Daly, E. R., Fox, G. A., Al-Madhhachi, A. T. and Storm, D. E. (2015b). Variability of fluvial erodibility parameters for streambanks on a watershed scale. Geomorphology, 231(0); 281-291.
Hanson, G. J. (1990). Surface erodibility of earthen channels at high stresses. II: Developing an in situ testing device. T. ASAE, 33(1); 132-137.
Hanson, G. and Cook, K. (1997). Development of excess shear stress parameters for circular jet testing. (Paper #972227 presented at ASAE,St. Joseph, Mich).
Hanson, G. and Cook, K. (2004). Apparatus, test procedures, and analytical methods to measure soil erodibility in situ. Appl.  Eng.  Agr., 20(4); 455-462.
Hanson, G. and Hunt, S. (2007). Lessons learned using laboratory JET method to measure soil erodibility of compacted soils. Appl.  Eng.  Agr., 23(3); 305-312.
Hanson, G. J. and Simon, A. (2001). Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA. Hydrological processes, 15(1); 23-38.
Ibrahem, M. M., Mohammed, A. A. and Jar-Allah, A. T. (2010). Kinetics of Sulfur, Vanadium and Nickel Removal from Basra Crude Oil Hydro Treating. Tikrit Journal for Engineering Science, 17(3); 1-14.
Khanal, A., Fox, G. A. and Al-Madhhachi, A. T. (2016). Variability of erodibility parameters from laboratory mini Jet Erosion Tests. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE, 21(10). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001404.
Labud, V., Garcia, C. and Hernandez, T. (2007). Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on the microbial properties of a sandy and a clay soil. Chemosphere, 66(10); 1863-1871.
Mutter, G. M., Al-Madhhachi, A. T. and Rashed, R. R. (2017). Influence of soil stabilizing materials on lead polluted soils using Jet Erosion Tests. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 9(1); 28-38.
Partheniades, E. (1965). Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils. J. Hydraul. Div., ASCE, 91(1); 105-139.
Quyum, A., Achari, G. and Goodman, R. H. (2002). Effect of wetting and drying and dilution on moisture migration through oil contaminated hydrophobic soils.  Science of the Total Environment, 296(1), 77-87.
Salah, M. and Al-Madhhachi, A. T. (2016). Influence of Lead Pollution on Cohesive Soil Erodibility using Jet Erosion Tests. Environment and Natural Resources Research, 6(1); 88-98.
Shayannejad, M., Ostad, A. A., Ramesh, A., Singh, V. P. and Eslamian, S. (2017). Wastewater and Magnetized Wastewater Effects on Soil Erosion in Furrow Irrigation. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 3(8); 1-14.
Simon, A., Thomas, R. and Klimetz, L. (2010). Comparison and experiences with field techniques to measure critical shear stress and erodibility of cohesive deposits. (Paper presented at 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, NV).
Stein, O. and Nett, D. (1997). Impinging jet calibration of excess shear sediment detachment parameters. Trans. ASAE, 40(6); 1573-1580.
Sutton, N. B., Maphosa, F., Morillo, J. A., Al-Soud, W. A., Langenhoff, A. A., Grotenhuis, T., Rijnaarts, H. and Smidt, H. (2013). Impact of long-term diesel contamination on soil microbial community structure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79(2); 619-630.
Wan, C. F. and Fell, R. (2004). Laboratory tests on the rate of piping erosion of soils in embankment dams. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 27(3); 295-303.
Wang, X., Feng, J. and Zhao, J. (2010). Effects of crude oil residuals on soil chemical properties in oil sites, Momoge Wetland, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 161(1); 271-280.
Wang, Y., Feng, J., Lin, Q., Lyu, X., Wang, X. and Wang, G. (2013). Effects of crude oil contamination on soil physical and chemical properties in Momoge wetland of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 23(6); 708-715.
Wynn, T., Henderson, M. and Vaughan, D. (2008). Changes in streambank erodibility and critical shear stress due to subaerial processes along a headwater stream, southwestern Virginia, USA. Geomorphology, 97(3); 260-273.