Assessment of some Heavy Metals and Health Risks in Water and Shrimps from a Polluted Mangrove Swamp, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

2 Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria

Abstract

The heavy metal concentrations of water and shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from Isaka Bundu swamp, Niger Delta were evaluated between January and June 2022. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was used to assess the water's suitability for recreation and the shrimps for consumption. Five heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn) were assessed in both media using standard methods and compared with national and international standards. The Chronic daily intake (CDI) for Cd and Cu (in children) exceeded their respective reference doses while hazard quotients (HQs) for Cd and Cu (in children) and all the hazard indices were greater than 1 in the water. All the target hazard quotients (THQs) and total hazard index (THIs) were lower than 1 in the shrimps. The heavy metal concentrations, CDIs, HQ/THQs and HI/THIs were higher in the more impacted stations 1 and 3. Based on the heavy metal concentrations and health risk assessment, the waters of the Isaka Bundu swamp are unsafe for recreational purposes. However, shrimps are safe for human consumption. The high concentrations of heavy metals in the water influenced the concentrations in the shrimps. Anthropogenic activities in the area contributed to the heavy metal concentrations in the environment. The results also showed that the children were more prone to adverse health impacts. 

Keywords

Main Subjects


Ali, A. I., Rilwanu, T. Y., Anyanwu, E. D., Tanko, A. I., & Bashir, B. M. (2022). Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in the body fluid of the inhabitants living along Aba River, Abia State, Nigeria. Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal, 21(1&2): 50 - 66.
Ali, H., Khan, E., & Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 1-14. 
Anaero-Nweke, G. N., Ugbomeh, A. P., Ekweozor, I. K. E., Moslen M., & Ebere N. (2018). Heavy metal levels in water, sediment and tissues of Sarotherodon melanotheron from the Upper Bonny Estuary, Nigeria and their human health implications, International Journal of Marine Science, 8(23): 186-194.
Anyanwu, E. D, Adetunji, O. G., Ezekiel, N. I. &, Alexander, R. N. (2022b). Heavy metal concentrations and health risk assessment of a rural multipurpose stream, Southeast Nigeria. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, 12(2): 285 – 302. 
Anyanwu, E. D., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwoke, O. B. (2022a). Heavy Metal Content of Water in Ikwu River (Umuahia, Nigeria): Pollution Indices and Health Risk Assessment Approach. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 18(3): 345-358. 
Anyanwu, B. O., & Chris, D. I. (2023). Human health hazard implications of heavy metals concentration in swimming crab (Callinectes amnicola) from polluted creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 7, 100325.
Ashari, R., Soesilo, T. E. B. & Herdiansyah, H. (2021). Strategy for shipyard industrial waste management in controlling water and air pollution in ship repair. IOP Conf. Series: Environmental Earth Sciences, 716: 012009. 
Atef, M., & Ojagh, S. M. (2017). Health benefits and food applications of bioactive compounds from fish byproducts: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 35, 673-681.
Bazzi, W., Abou Fayad, A. G., Nasser, A., Haraoui, L. P., Dewachi, O., Abou-Sitta, G., ... & Matar, G. M. (2020). Heavy metal toxicity in armed conflicts potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by selecting antibiotic and heavy metal co-resistance mechanisms.  Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 68.
Bebeteidoh, O. L., Kometa, S., Pazouki, K. & Norman, R. (2020). Sustained impact of the activities of local crude oil refiners on their host communities in Nigeria. Heliyon, 6: e04000. 
Biswas, C., Soma, S. S., Rohani, M. F., Rahman, M. H., Bashar, A., & Hossain, M. S. (2021). Assessment of heavy metals in farmed shrimp, Penaeus monodon sampled from Khulna, Bangladesh: An inimical to food safety aspects. Heliyon, 7(3), e06587.
Chukwu, M. N. & Akinyanmi, Y. H. (2018). Investigation of pollutants in Apapa waters, Lagos, Nigeria. FUW Trends in Food Science & Technology, 3(2B): 997 – 1001. 
Davies I. C., Nkeeh, D. K. & Efekemo O. (2022a). Assessment of Shell Fish Mineral Content and Water Physiochemistry Along the Opuroama Creek in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(3):45-60. 
Davies, I C. & Ekperusi, A. O. (2021). Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment, and Fishes of New Calabar River in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 7(3): 207-218. 
Davies, I. C. & Efekemo, O. (2022). Physico-chemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Distribution in Selected Shell Fishes along the Opuro-Ama Creek in the Rivers State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 17(1): 15-26. 
Davies, I. C., Odekina, U. M. & Akoko, S. (2022b). Distribution Of Trace Metals in Shrimps, Sediments, And Water From A Polluted Mangrove Swamp in Rivers State. Journal of Environmental Science International, 26(4): 1-14. 
Ebong, G. A., & John, R. C. (2021). Physicochemical properties, total hydrocarbon content, and trace metals of water and sediments from major River Estuaries within the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 12(02), 587–597. 
El-Moselhy, K. M., Othman, A. I., Abd El-Azem, H., & El-Metwally, M. E. A. (2014). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,1(2), 97-105.
Eludoyin, O. S., Balogun, A. N., & Otali, S. O. (2018). Spatial assessment of heavy metal concentrations in giant tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) in Bodo Creek, Gokana LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(3), 340-348.
Emenike, P. C., Tenebe, I. T., Neris, J. B., Omole, D. O., Afolayan, O., Okeke, C. U. & Emenike, I. K. (2020). An integrated assessment of land-use change impact, seasonal variation of pollution indices and human health risk of selected toxic elements in sediments of River Atuwara, Nigeria. Environmental Pollution, 265(Pt B): 114795. 
Ezemonye, L. I, Adebayo, P. O., Enuneku, A.A., Tongo, I., & Ogbomida, E. (2018). Potential health risk consequences of heavy metal concentrations in surface water, shrimp (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) and fish (Brycinus longipinnis) from Benin River, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports, 6:1-9. 
FAO/WHO (2021). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 
Hembrom, S., Singh, B., Gupta, S. K., & Nema, A. K. (2020). A comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination in foodstuff and associated human health risk: a global perspective. In Contemporary environmental issues and challenges in era of climate change (pp. 33-63). Springer, Singapore.
Huang, T., Guo, Q., Tian, H., Mao, X., Ding, Z., Zhang, G., Li, J., Ma, J., & Gao, H. (2014). Assessing spatial distribution, sources, and human health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues in the soils of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(9): 6124e6135. 
Iwuoha, G. N. & Onojake, M. C. (2016). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crustaceans from Oron River Channel, Osung Area Oron-City, Akwa-Ibom, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 41 (1): 33-35. 
Jonah, U. E., Mendie, C. F, & Asuquo, U. G. (2023). Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Waters from North-West Zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Pollution, 9(1): 271-285.
Komi, G. W., & Francis, A. (2017). Length-weight relationship, condition factor and aspects of growth parameters of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in the Andoni River system, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Global Journals Incorporated (USA), 17(2), 9-18.
Markmanuel, D. P., Amos-Tautua, B. M. W. & Songca, S. P. (2022). Tin Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment for Children and Adults in Seafood and Canned Fish commonly consumed in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 26(7):1263-1269. 
Mokarram, M., Saber, A., & Sheykhi, V. (2020). Effects of heavy metal contamination on river water quality due to release of industrial effluents. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277: 123380.
Moldovan, A., Hoaghia, M. A., Kovacs, E., Mirea, I. C., Kenesz, M., Arghir, R. A., Petculescu, A., Levei, E. A., & Moldovan, O. T. (2020). Quality and Health Risk Assessment Associated with Water Consumption: A Case Study on Karstic Springs. Water, 12: 3510 
Mukherjee, I., Singh, U. K., Singh, R. P., Kumari, D., Jha, P. K., & Mehta, P. (2020). Characterization of heavy metal pollution in an anthropogenically and geologically influenced semi-arid region of east India and assessment of ecological and human health risks. Science of The Total Environment, 705: 135801. 
NESREA (2011). Guidelines and standards for Environmental pollution control in Nigeria, Nigeria Environmental Standard and Regulatory Enforcement Agency, Abuja, Nigeria. 12-28.
Nguyen, B. T., Do, D. D., Nguyen, T. X., Nguyen, V. N., Nguyen, D. T. P., Nguyen, M. H., ... & Bach, Q. V. (2020). Seasonal, spatial variation, and pollution sources of heavy metals in the sediment of the Saigon River, Vietnam. Environmental Pollution, 256, 113412.
Nwankwoala, H. O., Harry, M. T., Amangabara, G. T., & Warmate, T. (2017). Impacts of Artisanal Refining Activities on Soil and Water Quality in Parts of Okrika and Ogu-Bolo Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, 7: 503.
Odo, S. N., Odo M. K., Ikechukwu, P. I., & Anyanwu, E. D. (2022). Human Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Water from Anambra River Basin in South-Eastern Nigeria. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, 12(1): 39-50 
Okereafor, U., Makhatha, M., Mekuto, L., Uche-Okereafor, N., Sebola, T., & Mavumengwana, V. (2020). Toxic metal implications on agricultural soils, plants, animals, aquatic life and human health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(7), 2204.
Oketola, A. A. & Fagbemigun, T. K. (2013). Determination of Nonylphenol, Octylphenol and Bisphenol-A in Water and Sediments of Two Major Rivers in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(7A): Article ID: 34127. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.47A005
Omogbai, B. A., Ubaka, L. I., Aig, A., & Bright, C. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance Of Bacterial Isolates And Mineral Composition Of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Freshwater Prawn). SAU Science-Tech Journal, 4(1), 65-74.
Opuogulaya, R., Amadi, H. S., Bulo, Z. B., Wosu, M., Elechi, C. B., Ekpo R. O., Vinyone, E. B. & Kagbor-Barik, D. W. (2022). Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Selected Seafood in Ogoni Land. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 16(3): 20-27.
Pandiyan, J., Mahboob, S., Govindaraja, M., Al-Ghanim, K. A., Ahmed, Z., Al-Mulhm, N., Jagadheesan, R. & Krishnappa, K. (2021). An assessment of the level of heavy metals pollution in the water, sediment and aquatic organisms: A perspective of tackling environmental threats for food security. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28: 1218–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.072
Pangestuti, R., & Kim, S. K. (2011). Biological activities and health benefit effects of natural pigments derived from marine algae. Journal of functional foods, 3(4), 255-266.
Philip-Slaboh, T. P, Eleke, C., & Ezejiofor, A. N. (2023). Comparison of toxic heavy metals in the breast milk of diabetic and non-diabetic postpartum mothers in Yenagoa, Nigeria. PLoS ONE, 18(4): e0264658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264658
Powell, C. B. (1983). Fresh and brackish water shrimps of economic importance in the Niger Delta. University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Conference item. 254 – 285. http://hdl.handle.net/1834/21107
Rahman, M. S., Khan, M. D. H., Jolly, Y. N., Kabir, J., Akter, S., & Salam, A. (2019). Assessing risk to human health for heavy metal contamination through street dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Science of The Total Environment, 660, 1610-1622. 
Sarker, M. J., Rima, N. N. & Sultana, N. (2020). Human health risk assessment with reference to the consumption of shrimp and marine fish. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 23: 1291 – 1302. 
Schober, P., Boer, C. & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5): 1763 - 1768.
Sharif, R., Chong, E. & Meng, C. K. (2016). Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Shellfish from Kudat, Sabah. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 22(2): 301-305
Sharma, S. D. (2020). Risk assessment via oral and dermal pathways from heavy metal polluted water of Kolleru Lake - A Ramsar wetland in Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology, 35(3): e2020019. 
Solomon, B. E., Ajiwe, V. I.. E. & Enoh, E. A. (2021). Heavy metal pollution of seawater, sediment and shrimps of Qua Iboe River, Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environment and Natural Science, 4(1): 1-13.
SON (2015). Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS 554- 2015). Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON), Abuja, Nigeria; 
Sultana, S., Hossain, M. B., Choudhury, T. R., Yu, J., Rana, M. S., Noman, M. A., Hosen, M. M., Paray, B. A. & Arai, T. (2022). Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cultured Shrimp and Aquaculture Sludge. Toxics, 10: 175. 
Sun, T., Xu, L., Wang, D., & Li, Y. (2019). Metal-organic frameworks derived single atom catalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Nano Research, 12(9), 2067-2080.
Tjahjono, A., Wahyuni, O. & Purwantini, S. (2018). The Assessment of Biological and Pollution Index of Estuaries Around Port of Tanjung Emas Semarang. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 116: 012087. 
Udoinyang, E. P., Anne, G., Ekpo, N. D., Akpan, I. I., Iwekumo, A. & Okon, A. O. (2022). Temporal Survey of Heavy Metal Loads in Surface Water, Sediments and Shrimps from Iko River Estuary, Eastern Obolo L.G.A, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Environmental Science, 17(1): 63-77.
USEPA (1999). Guidance for performing aggregate exposure and risk assessments. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC; 
USEPA (2001). Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Vasquez Boulevard and I-70 Superfund Site Denver CO. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available online: https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/786143
USEPA (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available online: 
WHO (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum. World Health Organisation, Geneva. 631pp. 
Yap, C., Cheng, H., Hafetz, M., Nulit, R., Hao, S., Peng, T., ... & Kong, C. (2019). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Prawn Penaeus merguiensis Collected in 2007 from Sri Serdang Market, Peninsular Malaysia. Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences, 3:109-113.
Yasin, A., Begum, M. K. B. S., Suchi, P. D., Eshik, M. M. E., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Heavy metals concentration and possible health risks from shrimp nurseries at South-West Region, Bangladesh.  Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 48(1): 167-179. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v48i1.47885
Yousif, R. A., Choudhary, M. I., Ahmed, S. & Ahmed, Q. (2021). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and other aquatic organisms from Karachi Coast, Pakistan. NUS Biological Sciences, 13(1): 73-84. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n130111 
Zeng, J., Han, G., & Yang, K. (2020). Assessment and sources of heavy metals in suspended particulate matter in a tropical catchment, northeast Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265: 121898.
Zhang, X., Wu, Q., Gao, S., Wang, Z., & He, S. (2021). Distribution, source, water quality and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in major rivers in Wuhan, China. PeerJ, 9: e11853.
Zhang, H., Yuan, X., Xiong, T., Wang, H., & Jiang, L. (2020). Bioremediation of co-contaminated soil with heavy metals and pesticides: Influence factors, mechanisms and evaluation methods. Chemical Engineering Journal, 398: 125657.
Zhu, Q., Li X., & Ge, R. S. (2020). Toxicological effects of cadmium on mammalian testis. Frontiers in Genetics, 11: 527.
Zoroddu, M. A., Aaseth, J., Crisponi, G., Medici, S., Peana, M., & Nurchi, V. M. (2019). The essential metals for humans: a brief overview. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 195, 120-129.